LITERATURE OF THE ELIZABETHAN AGE (1558 – 1603) LECTURE 7 BY ASHER ASHKAR GOHAR 3 CREDIT HRS. MAJOR POETS OF ELIZABETHAN AGE SIR PHILIP SIDNEY (1554 – 1586) HIS LIFE: Philip, the first child of Sir Henry Sidney and his wife, Mary, née Dudley, was born in 1554 at Penshurst in Kent, "on Friday the last of November, being St. Andrews day, a quarter before five in the morning.“ Present at the birth were his royal Spanish godfather and his maternal grandmother, whose husband, John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, and son Guildford had been beheaded in 1553 following the failure of the Northumberland plan to place Guildford's wife, Lady Jane Grey, on the throne. The grandson of the Duke of Northumberland and heir presumptive to the earls of Leicester and Warwick, Sir Philip Sidney was not himself a nobleman. Today he is closely associated in the popular imagination with the court of Elizabeth I, though he spent relatively little time at the English court, and until his appointment as governor of Flushing in 1585 received little preferment from Elizabeth. Widely regarded, in the words of his late editor William A. Ringler, Jr., as "the model of perfect courtesy," Sidney was in fact hot- tempered and could be surprisingly impetuous. Considered the epitome of the English gentleman-soldier, he saw little military action before a wound in the left thigh, received 23 September 1586 during an ill-conceived and insignificant skirmish in the Netherlands outside Zutphen, led to his death on 17 October, at Arnhem. Even his literary career bears the stamp of paradox: Sidney did not think of himself as primarily a writer, and surprisingly little of his life was devoted to writing. MAJOR POETS OF ELIZABETHAN AGE HIS LIFE: The dominance of women in the poet's early life was doubtless formative. Sidney's skill in portraying female characters, from the bewitching, multifarious Stella of Astrophil and Stella (1591) to Philoclea and Pamela, the bold, beautiful, and articulate princesses of the Old Arcadia (written circa 1581) and the New Arcadia (1590; written circa 1583-1584) is, as C. S. Lewis notes in his English Literature in the Sixteenth Century, Excluding Drama (1954), without equal before William Shakespeare. In keeping with his family background, the young Sidney was intended for a career as a statesman and soldier. At age 10 he entered Shrewsbury School, where his classmate was Fulke Greville (later a court official under Elizabeth), who became his lifelong friend and was his early biographer. In February 1568 he began a three-year period of studies at Christ Church, Oxford, afterward traveling in Europe between May 1572 and June 1575, perfecting his knowledge of Latin, French, and Italian. He also gained firsthand knowledge of European politics and became acquainted with many of Europe’s leading statesmen. His first court appointment came in the spring of 1576, when he succeeded his father as cupbearer to the queen, a ceremonial position. Then in February 1577, when he was only 22, he was sent as ambassador to the German emperor Rudolf II and the elector palatine Louis VI, carrying Queen Elizabeth’s condolences on the deaths of their fathers. MAJOR POETS OF ELIZABETHAN AGE HIS LIFE: Sidney was among the few Englishmen of his time with any interest in the newly discovered Americas, and he supported maritime explorations by the navigator Sir Martin Frobisher. In 1582 Richard Hakluyt, who published accounts of English explorers’ enterprises, dedicated his Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America to him. He had wide-ranging intellectual and artistic interests, discussed art with the painter Nicholas Hilliard and chemistry with the scientist John Dee, and was a great patron of scholars and men of letters. More than 40 works by English and European authors were dedicated to him — works of divinity, ancient and modern history, geography, military affairs, law, logic, medicine, and poetry — indicating the breadth of his interests. Among the many poets and prose writers who sought his patronage were Edmund Spenser, Abraham Fraunce, and Thomas Lodge. Early in 1581 his aunt, the countess of Huntington, had brought to court her ward, Penelope Devereux, who later that year married the young Lord Rich. Whether or not Sidney really did fall in love with her, during the summer of 1582 he composed a sonnet sequence, Astrophel and Stella, that recounts a courtier’s passion in delicately fictionalized terms: its first stirrings, his struggles against it, and his final abandonment of his suit to give himself instead to the “great cause” of public service. These sonnets, witty and impassioned, brought Elizabethan poetry at once of age. About the same time, he wrote The Defence of Poesie, an urbane and eloquent plea for the social value of imaginative fiction, which remains the finest work of Elizabethan literary criticism. MAJOR POETS OF ELIZABETHAN AGE HIS LIFE: In 1584 he began a radical revision of his Arcadia, transforming its linear dramatic plot into a many-stranded, interlaced narrative. He left it half finished, but it remains the most important work of prose fiction in English of the 16th century. He also composed other poems and later began a paraphrase of the Psalms. He wrote for his own amusement and for that of his close friends; true to the gentlemanly code of avoiding commercialism, he did not allow his writings to be published in his lifetime. Although in July 1585 he finally received his eagerly awaited public appointment, his writings were to be his most lasting accomplishment. He was appointed, with his uncle, the earl of Warwick, as joint master of the ordnance, an office that administered the military supplies of the kingdom. On September 22, 1586, he volunteered to serve in an action to prevent the Spaniards from sending supplies into the town of Zutphen. The supply train was heavily guarded, and the English were outnumbered; but Sidney charged three times through the enemy lines, and, even though his thigh was shattered by a bullet, he rode his horse from the field. He was carried to Arnhem, where his wound became infected, and he prepared himself religiously for death. He was buried at St. Paul’s Cathedral in London on February 16, 1587, with an elaborate funeral of a type usually reserved for great noblemen. The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge and scholars throughout Europe issued memorial volumes in his honour, while almost every English poet composed verses in his praise. MAJOR POETS OF ELIZABETHAN AGE HIS WORKS: During the summer of 1582 he composed a sonnet sequence, Astrophel and Stella, that recounts a courtier’s passion in delicately fictionalized terms: its first stirrings, his struggles against it, and his final abandonment of his suit to give himself instead to the “great cause” of public service. After Shakespeare’s sonnets, Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella is considered the finest Elizabethan sonnet cycle. These sonnets, witty and impassioned, brought Elizabethan poetry at once of age. About the same time, he wrote The Defence of Poesie, an urbane and eloquent plea for the social value of imaginative fiction, which remains the finest work of Elizabethan literary criticism. His The Defence of Poesie introduced the critical ideas of Renaissance theorists to England. By 1580 he had completed a version of his heroic prose romance, the Arcadia. It is typical of his gentlemanly air of assumed nonchalance that he should call it “a trifle, and that triflingly handled,” whereas it is in fact an intricately plotted narrative of 180,000 words. The incomplete revised version of his Arcadia was not printed until 1590; in 1593 another edition completed the story by adding the last three books of his original version (the complete text of the original version remained in manuscript until 1926). His Astrophel and Stella was printed in 1591 in a corrupt text, his Defence of Poesie in 1595, and a collected edition of his works in 1598, reprinted in 1599 and nine times during the 17th century. MAJOR POETS OF ELIZABETHAN AGE HIS WORKS: Astrophel and Stella, an Elizabethan sonnet sequence of 108 sonnets, interspersed with 11 songsThe cycle tells the story of Stella (“star”), beloved by Astrophel (“star lover” or “beloved of a star,” a play on Sidney’s name), who loves poetry almost as much as he loves her. He details his passionate feelings for Stella, his struggles with conflicting emotions, and his final decision to abandon his pursuit of her in favour of a life of public service. In observance of contemporary poetic conventions, Sidney discourses in the sonnets on reason and passion, wit and will. The publication of Astrophel and Stella generated a vogue for the sonnet sequence, and among the English poets who responded was Edmund Spenser, who also wrote the elegy “Astrophel” after his friend Sidney’s death in 1586. The Defence of Poesie, a literary criticism by Sidney, was written about 1582 and published posthumously in 1595. Another edition of the work, published the same year, is titled An Apologie for Poetrie. Considered the finest work of Elizabethan literary criticism, Sidney’s elegant essay suggests that literature is a better teacher than history or philosophy, and it masterfully refutes Plato’s infamous decision to ban poets from the state in his Republic. MAJOR POETS OF ELIZABETHAN AGE HIS WORKS: Sidney composed his eloquent defense of imaginative literature against charges of time-wasting, prevarication, and allurement to vice. Writing before England’s great age of poetry and drama—too early to include William Shakespeare, for example, in his criticism — he therefore finds English literature sadly wanting. He does, however, praise such works as Geoffrey Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde, the anthology The Mirror for Magistrates, and Edmund Spenser’s The Shepherd’s Calendar.