If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. '\ '". \ \ . " ..... ~; ........... .: ,\,.. ")\'1:1 -...... A '~ U.S, Department of ,)ustic(l Nalionallnslilule of Justice -- nilS duel,!,,&nt lidS bepn replOdlJced eAilGUy as rel81ved from tile pers()n O! c'rgdr:lzatlun Oflglniltlr1g It P,)lflts of view or oplfllons stated In lt1!~ dOCUn1wll die ttlOse of H,e a~thors and do not nrocessanly :.,' ,d. represent the off!clal Pllsltlon or pollLies 0' the ~,atlondl In~'tltLJte of .Justice. Pt::I"r11I':-- m tu 1~'"'~rodUl.£~ ttmJ UJpyrrgtltet1 materldi tldS th'fm g!antelll'y FBI Law Enforcef.1ent Bulletin , 'r,: .I' .tll" I (,I~ (~:tlt; d 1i 'I i.t., lH~·; ". ~ tt:'111 fl-.lq,.ill t.:~ pr~rr. I ~ I~),;nqt~[ G:, r'I(":r !P[ftQ)fiIlJ~~ffftiJf!J) ...~~"~~' .. :." ... , 7" -'''.'~ I F / March 1992 lJ5W1J Volume 61 Law Enforcement Bulletin Number 3 Features Air Passenger Processing 1 By Stephan M. Garich A Name is Just a Name-Or Is It? \ 3 ~ ~ ~ 4 By J. Philip Boller, Jr. A Guide to Chinese Names \.3 ~3i 10 By C. Fredric Anderson and Henriette Liu Levy Page 4 Police Recruits 13 t-H~ ~ . ~~ 19 By Gary M. Post • Transnational Crimes ~.:B 9-\-'19'!3 M CJ ~ Sl 26 By Austin A. Andersen MAR" ~ f ' ' ~ CQ U R~ nT ~'b\~ '$ ,,:-.~ 9 Bulletin Reports 18 Book Review 16 Point ofView 24 Police Practices By Glenda' E. Mercer Page 26 '. unlteds"lI08pa~~"tO."~.tl~ ·Edltpl'-Dr.$teRhenD. GJ~dis Federal B~ ....u of Inv8.tl~tlon· . Af.nlJglngEdltor~KathrynE. SuleWs\<i .Washlrigtoi1I~2O$.35' . Art I1lfeCtor~Qh"E. Ott ASB~tllnt Edltortf,-:Alice S~Cole . William S. Sessions, DIrector '. ", '.' .": '. '. .... .' .' KarenF~ McCarron Contdbutj)rs'opirl!onsaht;lstatemenb~ . Pro(Iu,ctlon.1!IIInllllfr-Andrew DiRosa· $houldnotbecohri!ld~r~ aslln ..... ~tlA"'''''n~~rlene J. Butl~r endorsemenlfor any poliCy,programior ~ervice by the F~I: ..... ...... The FBI Law IErifot:~meht BUIl9t}n' (ISSN~PO.14~5aa8) 1$ p(jblish~l!lonthIY by .. The AUomey General has determiri~d that .' the Federal Bureau oflnvesbgatlon, 10th and the PlIl;>lication oUhis periodicali$.necessarY· PennsyivaniaAvenu~,N~W.,Wa$hington,.·· inthetr~n$8ctlonofthepUbl/c.busines$.· .. ' . D.C.2053S •. Second-Class postagsl?aid at 0' req.·... u.i.red....... b.Ylll.W.·o .. f.th~.Dep. art. me. ot O.f. JUstl.c.e. Washingtor.,D~C •• and additional mallln~ '.' Use.of funds fpr printing this p~riod.ical has offices;Postmari!t~r; send address changes b~en approv~ bythepirector of, th&'· Office .to FBlLawiEnforceinentBulletin, .Federal . of M~nageme!)t a.nd J3udget. .. .'. , .. ~~~~. of Investigation,Washlngton, D.C. ISSN 0014-5688 USPS 383-310 1 .... -------------------------------------------------- .I TransnanonalCritnes A Global Approach By AUSTIN A. ANDERSEN n estimated $50 billion-a­ year cocaine industry A flourishes in the United States because drug cartels control a transnational criminal mosaic. This mosaic consists of coca plant culti­ vation sites in Peru and Bolivia; processing laboratories for the coca leaves in Colombia, Brazil, and Ar­ gentina; importation networks that ship the drug into the United States; and money laundering channels that direct cashflow into "legitimate" in­ vestments all over the world.' Glob­ al conglomerates dealing in illicit activities survive and flourish be­ cause unilateral enforcement efforts by a single country generally dis­ able only small segments of such operations. Unlike criminal investigations enforce­ of the United coordinated within the jurisdiction ment offi­ States that af­ of a particular country, the interna­ cers in one fect the global tionallaw enforcement community country to in­ approach to transna­ faces two formidable obstacles vestigate and ........--- .....~tional crime. Of particular interest when developing prosecutable prosecute criminal activities that are the following developments: In­ cases against criminal enterprises extend into another. creased attention by the U.S. judi­ with tentacles that extend through­ Because of the enormous dam­ cial system to the application of out the world. First, evidence ad­ age caused by international crime constitutional standards to evidence missible in one country may be sup­ cartels, however, legal systems from foreign sources, the passage of pressed in another with more throughout the world are changing statl~tes that provide U.S. courts restrictive procedural standards. to facilitate the international efforts with jurisdiction to try crimes that Second, the doctrine of sovereignty, of police agencies. This article pro­ . occur beyond U.S. boundaries, and or self-government within national vides an overview of recent changes treaties that clarify the ability of boundaries, limits the ability of law in the caselaw, statutes, and treaties some police agencies to assist their 26/ FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin ----------------------------- foreign counterparts in investiga­ quired by foreign police for their tions, searches, and seizures. own purposes is admissible in U.S. courts, despite the fact that such APPLYING THE BILL OF evidence, if seized in the same man­ RIGHTS TO FOREIGN ner by American police, would be INVESTIGATIONS excluded as violative of the fourth amendment.7 Searches and Seizures This rule applies even when the The fourth amendment of the evidence is seized from American U.S. Constitution requires law en­ citizens.8 An exception to this rule, forcement officers in the United though infrequently applied, occurs States to conduct searches and sei­ when the behavior of the investigat­ zures in a "reasonable"2 manner. ing officers is so inhumane or outra­ The U.S. Supreme Court has held geous that a court, .e~e:~ising its Special Agent Andersen is Chief of the that as a general rule, a reasonable supervisory responSIbIlIties, sup­ Legal Research Unit, Legal Counsel search is one conducted with a presses evidence obtained pursuant Division, at FBI Headquarters. search warrant requiring ajudicially to the offending action.9 approved showing of probable Another exception to the gen­ cause and limitations on the scope eral rule of admissibility of evi­ of the search.3 In addition, the Court dence located by foreign police oc­ border. The next day, the Director of recognized a number of exceptions curs when there is substantial the MFJP, at the request of DBA to the warrant requirement as rea­ participation in the search by U.S. agents, authorized a warrantless sonable, namely, emergency law enforcement agents, thereby search of Verdugo's two residences searches, searches based on consent, converting the investigation into a in Mexico. During the searches, the motor vehicle exception, and joint venture implicating the fourth conducted by both MFJP officers search incident to arrest.4 amendment and the exclusionary and DBA agents, one of the DBA agents found and seized documents As a deterrent to unreasonable rule. JO Recently, however, the Su­ searches by police officers, the preme Court limited this exception allegedly reflecting the volume of Court adopted the exclusionary by determining that the fourth marijuana smuggled into the United rule, which requires the suppres~ion amendment does not apply to the States by Verdugo's organization. of evidence derived from investIga­ search and seizure by U.S. authori­ Because the searches, which tions that violate the Constitution.5 ties of property owned by a nonresi­ were unrelated to any contemplated Because police in foreign countries dent alien and located in a foreign Mexican prosecution, were initiated are generally unaware of the proce­ country. and participated in by DBA agents dural standards of the American ju­ In United States v. Verdugo­ (who also took custody of the evi­ dence), the lower COutts found that dicial system, the danger exists that Urquidez, II Verdugo-Urquidez, a under certain circumstances, evi­ Mexican national suspected of the the participation of the DBA agents dence collected by foreign police torture-murder of an undercover was substantial enough to make the will be suppressed in this country. DBA agent, became a fugitive after searches joint ventures subject to the strictures of the fourth amend­ In many instances, however, the being charged by the DBA with ~ exclusionary rule does not apply to merous drug violations in ftr"e ment. Holding that a warrant was searches and seizures conducted in United States. Based on the out­ required to ensure reasonableness in foreign countries. Because the Bill standing American warrant, the search of the Mexican premises of Rights has been interpreted as Verdugo-Urquidez was atTested in of Verdugo-Urdquidez, the lower applying only to the actions of the Mexico by the Mexican Federal Ju­ courts suppressed the evidence. U.S. Government and its employ­ dicial Police (MFJP) and remanded The Supreme Court reversed, ees,6 evidence independently ac- to U.S. marshals at the California and in a plurality opinion, con- March 1992 / 27 cluded that the use of the words "the gal alien voluntarily enters the ings in accordance with Miranda v. people" in the fourth amendment United States and "accepts some Arizona. 19 was intended as a term of art refer­ societal obligations,"17 fourth Several years ago, the Supreme ring to a class of persons who are amendment protections extend to Court rejected the claim that aliens part of a national community or who criminal prosecutions. are entitled to fifth amendment pro­ have otherwise developed sufficient At the same time, Verdugo­ tections outside the United States.20 connection with the United States to Urdquidez does not alter the ap­ The Court in Verdugo-Urquidez, be considered part of that commu­ plicability of fourth amend­ however, observes that the "privi­ nity.l2 Therefore, the Court rea­ ment protections for U.S. lege against self-incrimination soned that the protections of the citizens in foreign countries guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment fourth amendment were not in­ with respect to searches and sei­ is a fundamental trial right of crimi­ tended by the framers of the Consti­ ____ zures by U.S.