MPPSCADDA 1 CONSTITUTION & GOVERNMENT of INDIA CONTENTS ❖ STRUCTURE OF CONSTITUTION & NATIONAL SYSMBOLS ❖ HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ❖ MAKING OF CONSTITUTION ❖ PREAMBLE ❖ UNION AND ITS TERRITORIES ❖ CITIZENSHIP ❖ FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS , DUTIES AND DPSP ❖ UNION EXECUTIVE ❖ STATE EXECUTIVE ❖ UNION LEGISLATURE ❖ STATE LEGISLATURE ❖ JUDICIARY ❖ LOCAL GOVERNMENT ❖ ELECTIONS ❖ OTHER DIMENSIONS ❖ CONSTITUTION AT A GLANCE Syllabus • Government India Act 1919 and 935 • Constituent Assembly. • Parliament, Union Executive, President • Fundamental Rights , Fundamental Duties of the Citizens • Directive Principlesof State Policy • Coustitutional Amendments. • Judicial System and Supreme Court THE STRUCTURE OF CONSTITUTION NATIONAL SYMBOLS 2 THE STRUCTURE OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION. • The structure of Indian Constitution : It consists of (i) Articles, (ii) Parts,(iii) Schedules and (iv) Appendices Articles • It has numbered and further expanded its provisions as "Clause" and "Sub-Clause". • Currently there are around 465 Articles but originally there were 395 Articles. Parts • The individual Articles of the Constitution are grouped together in Parts. • Indian Constitution has 25 parts currently but originally it had 22 parts. Schedules • Schedules are lists in the Constitution that categorises and tabulate bureaucratic activity and policy of the Government. • Currently there are 12 schedules but originally it had 8 schedules only. Appendices There are five appendices: a) Appendix I : The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954; b) Appendix II : Restatement, with reference to the present text of the Constitution, of the exceptions and modifications subject to which the Constitution applies to the State of Jammu and Kashmir; c) Appendix III :Extracts from the Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1978; d) Appendix IV : The Constitution (86th Amendment) Act, 2002 and e) Appendix V :The Constitution (88th Amendment) Act, 2003. NATIONAL SYMBOLS National Flag • The National flag is horizontal tricolour of deep saffron (kesaria) at the top, white in the middle and dark green at the bottom in equal proportion. • The ratio of width of the flag to its length is 2 : 3 • In the centre of the white band is a navy-blue wheel which represents the Chakra. • It has 24 spokes. • Its design in that of the wheel which appears on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka. • The National flag (Tiranga) is based on the Swaraj flag, a flag the Indian National Congress got designed by Pingali Venkayya. • The design of the National Flag was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 22 July, 1947. • Usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India, 2002 which took effect from 26 January, 2002. It brings together laws, conventions, practices and instructions to all. • The right to manufacture the flag is held by the Khadi Development and Village industries Commission which allocates it to the regional groups. • As on 2009, the Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha has been the sole manufacturer of the flag. National Emblem • It is a replica of the Lion of Sarnath, near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh. 3 • It was adopted on 26 January, 1950. • The 4 lions (one hidden from view) symbolizing power, courage and confidence - rest on a circular abacus. • The abacus rests on a lotus in full bloom, exemplifying the fountainhead of life and creative inspiration. • The abacus is guarded by four animals guardians of the four directions : o the lion on the north, o the elephant on the east, o the horse on the south and o the bull on the west. • The words Satyameva Jayate is from Mundaka Upanishad which means Truth Alone Triumphs. • It is inscribed below the abacus of the emblem in Devanagari script and also referred to as the National Motto. National Anthem • The song Jana-gana-mana, composed originally in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore, was adopted in its Hindi version as the National Anthem of India on 24 January, 1950. • It was first sung on 27th December, 1911 at the Kolkata Session of the Indian National Congress. • The complete song consists of five stanzas. • Duration 52 Secs. • Short version consisting of the first and last lines of the stanza (playing time 20 seconds) is also played on certain occasions. • Present tune for national anthem was composed by Captain Ram Singh Thakur. • The lyrics were rendered into English by Rabindranath Tagore himself. • Bharat Bhagya Vidhata was the title under which the song was first published in January 1912 issue of Tatvabodhini Patrika; whose editor was Tagore. • 2011 The Anthem turned 100 years in 2011. • 2013 is also the 100th year of winning the Nobel Prize for literature - Gitanjali. Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka, jaya he Bharata-bhagya-vidhata. Punjab-Singh-Gujarat-Maratha Dravida-Utkala-Banga Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga Uchchala-Jaladhi-taranga. Tava shubha name jage, Tava shubha asisa mange, Gahe tava jaya gatha, Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he Bharata-bhagya-vidhata. Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he, jaya, jaya, jaya, jaya he! 4 National Song • The song Vande Mataram, composed in sanskrit by Bankimchandra Chatterji, was a source of inspiration to the people in their struggle for freedom. • It has an equal status with Jana-Gana-Mana. • It was first sung at the 1896 session of the Indian National Congress. • The song first appeared in his book Anandamatha, published in 1882 • The song itself was actually written six years prior in 1876. Session of parliament begins with 'Jana-gana-mana' and concludes with 'Vande Mataram'. Vande Mataram! Sujalam, suphalam, malayaja Shitalam, Shasyashyamalam, Mataram! Shubhrajyotsna pulakitayamini, Phullakusumita drumadala shobhini, Suhasinim sumadhura bhashinim, Sukhadam varadam, Mataram! National Calendar • Based on Saka Era with Chaitra as its first month • Normal year of 365 days • Adopted from 22 March, 1957 along with the Gregorian calendar. • Dates of the national calendar have a permanent correspondence with dates of the Gregorian calendar, 1 Chaitra falling on 22 March normally and on 21 March in leap year. Indian National Calendar No. Month Length Gregorian date 1. Chaitra 30/31 March 22* 2. Vaishakh 31 April 21 3. Jyaishtha 31 May 22 4. Ashadha 31. June 22 5. Shravana 31 July 23 6. Bhadrapad 31 August 23 7. Ashwin 30 September 23 8. Kartik 30 October 23 9. Agahayana 30 November 23 10. Paush 30 December 22 11. Magh 30 January 21 12. Phalgun 30 February 20 National Flower • Lotus • Scientific name - Nelumbo nucifera 5 National Animal • Tiger • Scientific name Panthera Tigris • Species: of the 8 races of the species known, the Indian race, the Royal Bengal Tiger is found throughout the country (except the north-western region). • India with 70 per cent of the world's tiger population • 13 tiger range countries • Project Tiger programme 1973 with 9 Tiger Reserves. • The Project Tiger is administered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority. • All India Tiger Estimation 2018 estimated that the country now has o 2967 tigers as per the latest census. o 50 Tiger Reserves o Madhya Pradesh has the maximum number of tigers at 526. o Corbett Tiger Reserve in Uttarakhand has the highest number of 231 big cats in the country. • International Tiger Day July 29 National River • Ganga • Longest river of India • 2704 km of mountains, valleys and plains. • Originates from Gangotri Glacier in the Himalayas as the Bhagirathi. • Rivered as the most sacred river on earth. National Tree • Banyan (Bargad) • Also called the Indian fig tree (Ficus bengalensis) • Main characteristic longevity, this tree is considered immortal and is an integral part of the myths and legends of India. National Bird • Peacock (Pavo cristatus) • Symbol of grace, joy, beauty and love. • Male of the species is more colorful than the female. • Fully protected under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. National Fruit • Mango (mangifera indica) • Most widely cultivated fruits of the tropical world. • Rich source of Vitamins A, C and D. National Monument • India Gate, one of the largest war memorials, situated in the heart of New Delhi, is the National Monument of India. • It was erected in memory of 90,000 soldiers who lost their lives fighting in the World War I and Afghan War for the British Army. • Designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens • Earlier called as All India War Memorial. 6 National Aquatic Animal • River Dolphin • Scientific name Platanista Gangetica • Endangered species in India. • Put in Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. National Currency Symbol (Rs.) • The symbol Rs. of Indian rupee came on 15th July, 2010. • Rs. is an amalgamation of Devanagri `Ra' and the Roman `R' without the stem. • Designed by D. Uday Kumar, a post-graduate of IIT, Bombay Indian Standard Time (IST) • Passes through 5 states: o Uttar Pradesh, o Madhya Pradesh, o Chhattisgarh, o Orissa, o Andhra Pradesh. • Indian Standard Time (IST) which is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of the Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). National Game • Hockey is the National Game of India. • The Golden Era of Hockey in India was the period from 1928-1956 when India won 6 consecutive gold medals in the Olympics. National Heritage Animal • Elephant is the National Heritage Animal of India. • Around 60% of Asiatic Elephants live in India. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF CONSTITUTIONAL Historical Background of Constitutional Development • India was a direct colony of the British and the impact of this colonial rule over the economy, society and polity of India has been quite deep. • Various features of the Indian Constitution have their roots in the British rule which laid down the legal framework for the organization and functioning of government and administration. 7 • They are explained below in a chronological order. Colony A country which is politically dependent on a foreign state. Colonialism It implies the extra-territorial expansion of a country politically and economically advanced in comparison to the country being thus subjugated and controlled. British Rule in India The Company Rule (1773-1858) The Crown Rule (1858-1947) 1. Regulating Act of 1773 1.