LIPI AIT Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Asian Institute of Technology Indonesia US-ASEAN Seminar on ENERGY TECHNOLOGY Biomass. Coal. Solar/Wind Energy Planning LIPI* Bandung, Indonesia •7-18 June 1982 Edited by Donald I. Hertzmark Energy Technology Division Asian Institute of Technology Bangkok Published by The Renewable Energy Resources Information Center Asian Institute of Technology November, 1932 Foreword A planned and orderly transition to new sources of energy is a goal common to many developing countries today. Even nations with substantial oil resources can see the longer term benefits of drawing from diverse energy sources. With a goal of drawing on new energy resources, many nations find the planning of technology development and deployment diffi­ cult at best. Aside from the obvious problems of the heavy demands placed on energy planners and managers in developing countries, the additional loads of new information on energy technologies and resources may often fail to cross national boundaries. The experiences, plans, and insights of other workers in some areas of new energy technology are valuable to others and deserve to be shared. Within ASEAN, for example, there are a major oil refining centpr, two major crude producers, three nations predominantly dependent on biomass energy, and substantial reserves of lignite and low joule coals. In addition, research and limited commercialization of solar energy collectors is common to the five ASEAN netions. Looking at the potential for cooperative efforts among the ASEAN nations, the U.S. Agency for International Development initiated a program with the Asian Institute of Technology in Thailand to foster information exchange and professional c.evelopment in the energy field. Both RERIC (The Renewable Resources Information Center) at AIT and the Bandung conference were parts of this program. The conference brought together professionals in the fields of coal, solar, wi-d, and biomass technologies and energy planning and management. Organized by subject areas as above, each group has specialized lectures from a number of experts in the field. Then the participants presented their own papers on a wide range of topics. Finally, each group produced a report summarizing some of the relevant findings with recommendations for future efforts. i The papers in this volume of proceedings were edited for publication, retyped, and the graphics redone at AIT. Any errors in style are the responsibility of the editor, while the content remains the authors' responsibilities. Finally, I would like to acknowledge those whose work was vital to the success of the seminar. Dr. Nick Austriaco of AIT aas involved in the planning and administration of the conference from the start. Mrs. Chalaporn Vunchanondh worked long hours to assure that all of the corres­ pondence and administration was handled appropriately. Dr. Arjono of LIPI was responsible for the arrangement- at Bandung under difficult conditions of a volcanic eruption nearby. Finally, Anita Sachaphaibulkitj did yoeman's work in retyping all of the papers, overseeing the redoing of the graphics, and in the dozens of other small tasks required to get these proceedings done. To all of these people and to the others I failed to mention go my heartfelt thanks. Donald Hertzmark Bangkok, Thailand November, 1982 ii US-ASEAN Seminar on Energy Technology Biomass-Coal-Solar/wind-Energy Planning CONTENTS Foreword .................................................... National Energy Status Report The Energy Policy and Energy Development Plan of Thailand in the 5th National Economic and Social Development Plan (1982-1986) ................................................ 1 by K. Kirtikara Energy Usage and Options for Singapore ........... .......... by Satish Kumar Philippine Country Paper on New and Renewable Sources of Energy ..................................................... 17 Malaysia's Energy Program .................................. 42 by Wisma Damasara Indonesia's Energy Program ................................. 49 by the Indonesian Delegation Biomass Energy State of the Art Lecture: Biomass ......................... 62 by Donald Hertzmark Direct Combustion of Biomass .............................. 85 by S. C. Bhattacharya Pyrolysis and Gasification of Biomass ...................... 95 by S. C. Bhattacharya Biomass Energy Through Microbial Processes ................. 101 by M. Tanticharoen Integrated food and Energy Systems: The Maya Farm Experience ................................................. 121 by Enrico D. Obias The Ethanol from Biomass (Cassava and Sweet Potato) Project in Lampung ......................................... 129 by Ir. Wardiman Djojonegoro iii Gasohol: Does it or doesn't it? (Produce net energy) Energy Balance Worksheet ................................... 143 by DMnald Hertzmark Ttee Plantations and the Concern for Sustainability and Stability ............................................... 148 by Percy E. Sajise Hydrocarbon Producing Plants as Alternative Energy Source................ ......................................164 by Florita C. De Jesuz; The Scope for Bio-enery Technology Programme in Malaysia .... ............................................... 182 by C. N. Chong Biomass Uses, Conversions and Productions in Thailand ...... 207 by Aroon Chomcharn Biomass Energy Report .................................... .. 223 by Donald Hertzmark Coal Energy An Overview of the Status of Coal Conversion Processes ..... 231 b9 Sutesh P. Babu Insitu Coal Gasification Research in National Institute of Geology ..................................................264 by Hariyanto Soetjijo Research and Development into Lignite Energy Conversion Process .................................................... 274 by Piyasan Praserthdam General Energy Policy and Coal Development in Indonesia .... 285 by Endro Utomo Notodisuryo Utilization of Coal and Lignite for the Generation of Electricity in Thailand .................................... 302 by Chai-Asa Bhotirungsiyakorn Solar and Wind Energy A New Testing Method to Determine the Performance of Thermal Solar Collectors .................................... 314 By G. Y. Saunier Wind Resource Assessment ................................... 335 by A. Mikhail Assessing tha Availability of Wind Energy in Thailand ...... 347 by R. H. B. Exell iv An Experience with Photovoltaic Modules under Low Concentration and an A.C. Pump .............................. 366 by C. L. Teoh, Donald G. S. Chuah, S. L. Lee, G. S. Rao Solar Photovoltaic Water Pumping ....................... 386 by H. Saha, B. Faure and S. R. S . S. Senanayake Small-Scale Solar-Powered Irrigation Pumps and their Economic Prospects in tle Philippines ..................... 405 by Edelmiro 1. Quibilan A Modest Program on Photovoltaic Power System .............. 420 by Ahmad Natahamijaya Performance of a Small-scale Photovoltaic Array ............ 423 by J. C. Ho, A. N. Poo, and T. Y. Bong Status of Solar Anergy Development in Thailand ............. 444 by 0. Rutanaprakarn A Preliminary Evaluation on the Economic Feasibility of the Application of Solar-Powered Refrigeration System in Small Scale Coastal Fishery Activity .................... 457 by Robert Manurung, Saswinadi Sasmojo aid Lienda A. Assessing the Availability of Solar Energy in Thailand ..... 467 by R. H. B. Exell A Mathematical Model for Solar Radiation in Thailand ....... 484 by R. H. B. Exell Windmill Technologies Development in Thailand .............. 503 by Chirasak Boonrowd Solar Energy: Teaching and Research Programmes at Department of Physics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia ...... 518 by Muhammad Mat Salleh & Mohd. Noh Dalimin Energy Planning in Developing Countries .................... 526 by Joy Dunkerley Planning and Programming of R&D Projects on Alternative Energy Development ......................................... 551 by Pongsa Pornchaiwiseskul Systems Approach to Problems of Non-Conventional Energy Development ......................................... 565 by Ahmad Faizul bin Shamsudin Developmental Studies for Selected Local Inventions Pertaining to Non-Conventional Sources of Energy ........... 566 by Zinnia P. Taruel v Overview: Energy Resources ................................ 591 by Teresita M. Valdez Energy Forecasting for Pelita IV ........................... 603 by Darianto Conventional and Non-Conventional Energy Utilization in Singapore ............................................... 611 by J. C. Ho Framework for Alternative Energy Research and Development Programme in Thailand (1982-1986) .......................... 618 by K. Kirtikara Energy Planning in the Asean Countries ..................... 632 Report of the Energy Planning Group vi 1 The Energy Policy and Energy Development Plan of Thailand In The 5th National Economic and Social Development Plan (1982-1986) K. Kirtikara King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Thonburi Campus, Bangkok 10140, Thailand Abstract The paper reviews the energy demand and supply situations of Thai­ land during the last 20 years and the domestic energy resources. The Energy Policy and Energy,Development Plan in the 5th National Economic and Social Development Plan is discussed. Long term energy strategies are indicated. Introduction Planning and execution of Thailand development progranes, including energy development, are formulated and coordinated through the National Economic and Social Development Plans. Thailand has gone through four Plans covering a span of 20 years (1961-1981). During this period the GDP increased