Ocean/ENVIR 260 Winter 2006 Lecture 5 © 2006 University of Washington 1 Ocean/ENVIR 260 Winter 2006 Lecture 5 © 2006 University of Washington 2 Urban/Suburban Urbanization of Seattle Creeks (WRIA 8) • Population more than tripled 1900–1910 • Lake Washington Ship Canal – 81,000 to 237,000 • Sammamish “River” (Slough) – Alaska Gold Rush 1897-1903 • **Issaquah Creek (Lake Sammamish) • WRIA 8 highest population in state • Cedar River (**lower & middle) – Total population of Seattle/Tacoma/Everett • Thornton, Taylor (Lake Washington) • Today 3 million – Projected 24% increase 2002-2022 • Longfellow, Pipers (Puget Sound) • 90% inside Urban Growth Boundary • **Bear, Cottage Creeks (Sammamish R.) – 55% of land inside Urban Growth Boundary • Greatest spawning & rearing abundance www.seattle.gov/util/About_SPU/Drainage_&_Sewer_System/Projects/Creek_Restoration/index.asp EVERETT S d no n h o u mish o S SNOHOMISH t e g u EVERETT P The Swamp Silver Creek Lake MUKILTEO R Ocean/ENVIR 260 Winter 2006 Lecture 5 © 2006 University of Washington i Ocean/ENVIR 260 Winter 2006 Lecture 5 © 2006 University of Washington v 3 4 99 e r North Sammamish Lake Creek Stickney S w a m p C r e 5 e k MILL CREEK Watershed MONROE Urban/Suburban Martha Salmon in Urban/ Lake R h iv is er m 527 k o Sk y LYNNWOOD N o r t (WRIA 8) h Creeks Scriber Suburban Creeks Lake C Little r e e Bear 405 k Creek 9 S L n i EDMONDS t o t l Sc e q ri ber Creek u B e a a North r C l re m Creek e 522 BRIER k MOUNTLAKE i • Lake e • Chinook TERRACE BOTHELL Cottage Lake Creek R Swamp Crystal i v Creek Lake e Washington r S N O H O M I S H C O U N T Y – Less than 500 spawners to L. Washington & LAKE KENMORE FOREST K I N G C O U N T Y PARK WOODINVILLE NE W ll Wy oo he din Cedar R. in recent years t o vi B lle • Sammamish SHORELINE E - Duvall R N Cottage d Lake k e e Sim Cr o n Sammamish d s River R ar Cedar & L. Washington separate stocks d • e Bear B N Creek “River” E d R k DUVALL e e l e 522 r a C d S n W e o k a a o v L m Reduction in spawning & rearing habitat o – A e g d Welcome a m t i t (Slough) n Lake o v C a i l m l 5 e i s - 28th St h 1 R NE e d m REDMOND o n – Productivity 0.993–0.966 REDMOND d R • Bear, d R i v 405 e r • Less than replacement value (1.0) = decline KIRKLAND Cottage SEATTLE 202 R ed mo n nd W Evans o y – Diversity greatly reduced by hatcheries t Creek Creeks g 520 n i Re h YARROW dm Evan on s POINT s d HUNTS C a re - • 50% WRIA-wide, up to 75% in some streams e k Fa POINT ll W City R (Sammamish d N E 520 S CARNATION a 202 h a l ee e West Wy N • L.W. hatchery chinook straying to Cedar a hazard k Lake E SEATTLE a CLYDE Sammamish R.) L HILL MEDINA • Introduced sockeye hatchery on middle Cedar h D dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/watersheds/samm.htm s e a rg i Geo vis BELLEVUE y Creek w m E k a P S h m e is v m m a A P a m in e S m h t a l a 8 S k e 2 C 2 e ree Beaver k 90 e k Watershed Boundary Phantom a Lake L BEAUX Lake k a ARTS E East L Pine Lake Lake Sammamish Basin Boundary MERCER Stream ISLAND 5 North Fork BELLEVUE Issaquah Major Road Creek Urban Growth Boundary D u w 900 a m is SEATTLE Agriculture Production District h Issaquah Tibbetts rk C o re F ek W Creek East NEWCASTLE Tradition 99 a Lake 90 k e Lake & River t e e r C r s w tt e b East Fork a ib ISSAQUAH T y Issaquah Creek 509 RENTON S 405 E M ay 900 M V cD all on ey a Rd ld Fifte BURIEN C en r eek mile Creek Lake I I s McDonald s s s TUKWILA a a q q u u a a 169 h h - Ho Issaquah ba Creek rt Creek C Rd e d SEATAC a r R k i e re v C e r lde r 18 Ho f Natur r t o al e KENT n R N e e s v m o t i r u Ca a r Lake rey k c 167 ee p R Cr e e Youngs s 99 D K Y I N G T 515 C O U N n ee r DES MOINES G 0 1 2 Miles Map produced by: Visual Communication & GIS Unit September 1998 Public Outreach Section 9903sammBASEmap Ocean/ENVIR 260 Winter 2006 Lecture 5 © 2006 University of Washington 5 Ocean/ENVIR 260 Winter 2006 Lecture 5 © 2006 University of Washington 6 Urban/Suburban Urban Streams Habitat Factors • 2nd verse, same as the 1st • Pollutants released into surface water – Accidentally, incidentally, intentionally – Sediments & fluids from roads & parking lots • Copper, cadmium, zinc, lead from tire & drive train wear • Gasoline, motor oil, transmission & brake fluid, antifreeze – Chemicals from lawns & gardens • Fertilizer, pesticides, herbicides Ocean/ENVIR 260 Winter 2006 Lecture 5 © 2006 University of Washington 7 Ocean/ENVIR 260 Winter 2006 Lecture 5 © 2006 University of Washington 8 Urban Streams Impervious Surfaces • Impervious surfaces – Pavement & buildings – Prevent water from soaking into soil – Increases volume & speed of surface runoff • “Flashier”—increased flood risk – Scours out gravel & eggs in streams – Salmon (spawn in fall when flows are high) replaced by cutthroat trout (spawn in spring when flows are lower) &IGUREINDICATESTHEAMOUNTANDLOCATIONOFIMPERVIOUSSURFACEINTHE0UGET3OUNDREGION -APCOURTESYTHE0UGET3OUND!CTION4EAM 3(!2%$342!4%'9&/205'%43/5.$ #(!04%2 0!'% Ocean/ENVIR 260 Winter 2006 Lecture 5 © 2006 University of Washington 9 Ocean/ENVIR 260 Winter 2006 Lecture 5 © 2006 University of Washington 10 Impervious Surfaces Urban RUnoff • Structures block flow • Flood control & land drainage structures concentrate runoff – Increased bank erosion – Widening & deepening channel – Threat of property loss – Response is to armor banks Ocean/ENVIR 260 Winter 2006 Lecture 5 © 2006 University of Washington 11 Ocean/ENVIR 260 Winter 2006 Lecture 5 © 2006 University of Washington 12 One Solution: Urban Runoff Detention Ponds • Avoid! • Capture surface runoff – Paving driveways before it gets into creeks – Clearing & armoring stream banks – Or are part of a creek – Building levees course where the flow &IGUREINDICATESTHEAMOUNTANDLOCATIONOFIMPERVIOUSSURFACEINTHE0UGET3OUNDREGION slows down -APCOUR– FillingTESYTHE0UGET3OUND!CTION4 or degradingEAM wetlands • Mitigative measures – Fill during heavy rain 3(!2%$342!4%'9&/205'%43/5.$ #(!04%2 0!'% – Prevent flooding & erosion – Porous concrete surfaces – Contaminants settle & – Flood detention ponds acted on by bacteria – Moving levees back – May support some wildlife www.seattle.gov/util/About_SPU/Drainage_&_Sewer_System/Projects/Creek_Restoration/WEBSTERST_200312031204386.asp Ocean/ENVIR 260 Winter 2006 Lecture 5 © 2006 University of Washington 13 Ocean/ENVIR 260 Winter 2006 Lecture 5 © 2006 University of Washington 14 Salmon-Friendly Surface Water Runoff Gardens • Rain from roofs, streets & parking lots • Bad: – Some goes directly into streams – Storm water running off impervious surfaces • Contamination, sedimentation, flooding, erosion – Residues of fertilizers & pesticides – Most goes into storm sewers – Overwatering – Low-rain conditions: flows into sanitary sewers • Good: • Then to sewage treatment plants – Use gravel instead of pavement • Treated before discharged to Sound – Choose the right plants – High-rain conditions: flow may exceed capacity • Discharged directly to fresh or salt water – Water at right times & use right amounts • “Combined Sewer Overflows” (CSO’s) – Use minimal & intelligent pest controls www.seattle.gov/util/About_SPU/Drainage_&_Sewer_System/Projects/Residential_Stormwater_Control/index.asp www.seattle.gov/util/Services/Yard/Natural_Lawn_&_Garden_Care/Salmon_Friendly_Gardening/index.asp Ocean/ENVIR 260 Winter 2006 Lecture 5 © 2006 University of Washington 15 Ocean/ENVIR 260 Winter 2006 Lecture 5 © 2006 University of Washington 16 Residential Storm Residential Storm Water Control Water Control • Most residential houses: • Cistern & detention – Water goes from gutter into storm sewers system – Some goes into sewage treatment – But some goes into Combined Sewer Overflows – And some directly into streams • City is exploring alternatives – Capturing water on-site in cisterns & gardens – Release slowly and/or store until summer www.seattle.gov/util/About_SPU/Drainage_&_Sewer_System/Projects/Residential_Stormwater_Control/index.asp www.seattle.gov/util/About_SPU/Drainage_&_Sewer_System/Projects/Residential_Stormwater_Control/index.asp Ocean/ENVIR 260 Winter 2006 Lecture 5 © 2006 University of Washington 17 Ocean/ENVIR 260 Winter 2006 Lecture 5 © 2006 University of Washington 18 Combined Sewer Surface Water Runoff Overflows • “Stencil a Storm • Carry contaminants & Drain!” project sediments directly from – Raise awareness streets, etc., to water that drains go to bodies water courses – Oil, rubber, pesticides, – Deter dumping of mud, etc. hazardous wastes – Can cause serious contamination of both sediments & water body www.seattle.gov/util/Services/Drainage_&_Sewer/Get_Involved/STENCILA_200312020907333.asp www.seattle.gov/util/About_SPU/Drainage_&_Sewer_System/Projects/Residential_Stormwater_Control/index.asp Ocean/ENVIR 260 Winter 2006 Lecture 5 © 2006 University of Washington 19 Ocean/ENVIR 260 Winter 2006 Lecture 5 © 2006 University of Washington 20 Combined Sewer Combined Sewer Overflows Overflows • Early (pre-1950’s) system: no treatment • Post-1950’s: treatment, no separation – Overflows carry both storm & “sanitary” waste http://dnr.metrokc.gov/WTD/cso/index.htm http://dnr.metrokc.gov/WTD/cso/index.htm Ocean/ENVIR 260 Winter 2006 Lecture 5 © 2006 University of Washington 21 Ocean/ENVIR 260 Winter 2006 Lecture 5 © 2006 University of Washington 22 Combined Sewer Combined Sewer Overflows Overflows • Modern system: treatment and separation • CSO Cleanup – Overflows carry only storm water – Outlets being diverted underwater or closed & diverted to sewage treatment plants – Building increased stormwater storage – Reducing volume of stormwater in system – Stormwater treatment dnr.metrokc.gov/wtd/dennyway/project/outfall.htm http://dnr.metrokc.gov/WTD/cso/index.htm plants dnr.metrokc.gov/WTD/cso/page01.htm Ocean/ENVIR 260 Winter 2006 Lecture 5 © 2006 University of Washington 23 Ocean/ENVIR 260 Winter 2006 Lecture 5 © 2006 University of Washington 24 Combined Sewer “Natural Drainage” Overflow Locations Alternatives • Still many • “Street-Edge direct Alternatives” (SEA) discharges – Pilot project by city in to natural N.