University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 10-19-2015 Efficient chitecturAr e and Implementation for NTRU Based Systems Bingxin Liu University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Liu, Bingxin, "Efficient chitecturAr e and Implementation for NTRU Based Systems" (2015). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 5438. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/5438 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. Efficient Architecture and Implementation for NTRU Based Systems by Bingxin Liu A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies through Electrical and Computer Engineering in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada 2015 c 2015, Bingxin Liu Efficient Architecture and Implementation for NTRU Based Systems by Bingxin Liu APPROVED BY: Dr. Henry. Hu Department of Mechanical, Automotive, & Materials Engineering Dr. H. K. Kwan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Dr. H. Wu, Supervisor Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering August 28, 2015 DECLARATION OF CO-AUTHORSHIP/PREVIOUS PUBLICATION I DECLARATION OF CO-AUTHORSHIP I hereby declare that this thesis presents the research outcome under the supervision of professor, Dr. Huapeng Wu. In all cases, the key ideas, primary contributions, experimental designs, data analysis and interpretation, were performed by the author, with the review and revision being provided by Prof. Wu. This joint research was submitted to the International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems 2015, as specified in the declaration below. I am aware of the University of Windsor Senate Policy on Authorship and I certify that I have properly acknowledged the contribution of other researchers to my thesis, and have obtained written permission from each of the co-author(s) to include the above material(s) in my thesis. I certify that, with the above qualification, this thesis, and the research to which it refers, is the product of my own work. II DECLARATION OF PREVIOUS PUBLICATION This thesis includes 1 original paper that has been previously submitted for publica- tion in a peer reviewed conference, as follows: Thesis Chapter/Section Publication title/full citation Publication status Efficient Architecture and Implementation for NTRUEncrypt System, IEEE 58th International Chapter 4 Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems Published (MWSCAS 2015), Aug 2-5, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA iii I certify that I have obtained a written permission from the copyright owner to include the above published material in my thesis. I certify that the above material describes work completed during my registration as graduate student at the University of Windsor. I declare that, to the best of my knowledge, my thesis does not infringe upon anyones copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques, quotations, or any other material from the work of other people included in my thesis, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. Furthermore, to the extent that I have included copyrighted material that surpasses the bounds of fair dealing within the meaning of the Canada Copyright Act, I certify that I have obtained a written permission from the copyright owner(s) to include such material(s) in my thesis. I declare that this is a true copy of my thesis, including any final revisions, as approved by my thesis committee and the Graduate Studies office, and that this thesis has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other University or Institution. iv ABSTRACT NTRU (Nth degree Truncated polynomial Ring Units) is probably the only post quantum public key cryptosystem suitable for practical implementation. Recently, several NTRU based systems have also been shown having property of homomorphic encryption with important application in cloud computing security. In this thesis, several efficient algorithms and architectures for NTRUEcrypt sys- tem and for NTRU based homomorphic encryption system are proposed. For NTRU- Encrypt system, a new LFSR (linear feedback shift register) based architecture is firstly presented. A novel design of the modular arithmetic unit is proposed to re- duce the critical path delay. The FPGA implementation results have shown that the proposed design outperforms all the existing works in terms of area-delay product. Secondly, a new architecture using extended LFSR is proposed for NTRUEncrypt system. It takes advantage of small polynomials with many zero coefficients, and thus significantly reduces the latency of the computation with modest increase of the complexity. Thirdly, a systolic array architecture is proposed for NTRUEncrypt. There is only one type of PE (process element) in the array and the PE was designed with optimized arithmetic. The systolic array yields all the output in N clock cycles. Two new architectures are proposed for computation of NTRU based fully ho- momorphic encryption system. One architecture uses LFSR with a novel design of the modular multiplication unit, and the other proposed architecture is systolic array based which uses two types of PEs. v DEDICATION To my loving parents: Father: Bocai Liu Mother: Qiurong Qin vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to everyone who helped make this thesis possible. I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Prof. Huapeng Wu, Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of Windsor, for guiding me throughout the writing of this thesis. As one of best teach- ers I have ever had, Professor Wu impressed upon me that a good teacher instructs students in matters far beyond those in textbooks. His broad knowledge and logical way of thinking have been of great value; without his detailed and constructive com- ments on my research, none of this thesis would be possible. I would also grateful to my colleagues and friends, Yiruo He, Zheng Gong and Wu Zheng and for their time and support. Finally, I with to extend my gratitude to everyone at UWindsors Faculty of ECE for their efforts during my study in the M.A.Sc. Program. I also gratefully acknowledge the financial support form University of Windsor and Professor Huapeng Wu. Bingxin Liu vii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION OF CO-AUTHORSHIP/ PREVIOUS PUBLICATION iii ABSTRACT v DEDICATION vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF FIGURES xiii LIST OF ALGORITHM xiv LIST OF ACRONYMS xv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Motivation . 1 1.2 Our Contribution . 4 1.3 Dissertation Organization . 4 2 MATHEMATICAL PRIMITIVES 6 2.1 Lattices . 6 2.1.1 Definitions . 6 2.1.2 Ideal Lattice . 7 2.1.3 Hard Problem in Lattices . 8 2.2 Truncated Polynomial Ring with Modular Arithmetic . 8 viii 2.3 NTRUEncrypt Public Key Cryptosystem . 9 2.3.1 Parameter Selection . 9 2.3.2 Key Generation . 11 2.3.3 Encryption . 12 2.3.4 Decryption . 12 2.3.5 Why the Decryption of NTRUEncrypt Works . 12 2.3.6 Discussions on NTRUEncrypt Optimization . 12 2.4 Revised NTRUEncrypt Public Key Cryptosystem . 13 2.4.1 Parameter Selection . 13 2.4.2 Key Generation . 14 2.4.3 Encryption . 14 2.4.4 Decryption . 15 3 A REVIEW OF EXISTING WORK 16 4 PROPOSED LFSR ARCHITECTURE TO IMPLEMENT NTRU- ENCRYPT 18 4.1 Linear Feedback Shift Register . 18 4.2 Proposed Truncated Polynomial Ring Multiplier . 19 4.3 Proposed Encryption Architecture . 20 4.3.1 Proposed Modular Arithmetic Unit . 20 4.3.2 Proposed Encryption Architecture . 22 4.4 Proposed Decryption Architecture . 25 4.4.1 Proposed Modular Unit . 25 4.4.2 Proposed Decryption Architecture . 28 4.5 Implementation of Proposed Encryption Architecture . 28 4.5.1 Implementation Result . 29 4.5.2 Comparison . 29 ix 5 PROPOSED EXTENDED LFSR ARCHITECTURE TO IMPLE- MENT NTRUENCRYPT 31 5.1 General Ideal . 31 5.2 Extended Linear Feedback Shift Register . 33 5.3 Proposed Extended Modular Arithmetic Unit . 33 5.4 Proposed NTRUEncrypt Architecture with Extended LFSR . 36 5.5 Implementation of Proposed Encryption Architecture . 39 5.5.1 Implementation Results . 39 5.5.2 Comparison . 40 5.6 Discussion on Parameter Selection in Hardware Implementation . 40 6 PROPOSED SYSTOLIC ARRAY ARCHITECTURE TO IMPLE- MENT NTRUENCRYPT 42 6.1 Systolic Array . 42 6.2 Algorithm . 43 6.3 Proposed NTRUEncrypt Architecture with Systolic Array . 44 7 NTRU APPLICATION IN CLOUD SECURITY 48 7.1 Homomorphic Encryption . 48 7.2 NTRU based Fully Homomorphic Encryption System . 48 7.2.1 Key Generation . 49 7.2.2 Encryption . 50 7.2.3 Decryption . 50 7.2.4 Evaluation . 50 7.3 Proposed Architectures for NTRU based FHE Systems . 50 7.3.1 LFSR based Architecture . 51 7.3.2 Systolic Array based Architecture . 52 8 CONCLUSIONS AND POSSIBLE FUTURE WORK 56 x REFERENCES 58 VITA AUCTORIS 63 xi LIST OF TABLES 2.1 Recommended Parameters for NTRUEncrypt [1] . 11 2.2 Parameters for Revised NTRUEncrypt [2] . 14 4.1 Operations Supported with the Modular Arithmetic Unit . 21 4.2 Register Contents for LFSR Based NTRUEncrypt (Encryption) . 24 4.3 Look Up Table for Modular Unit . 26 4.4 Simulation Result for LFSR Based NTRUEncrypt (Encryption) .