Phylogeny of angiosperms Angiosperm “Basal angiosperm” AmborellaNymphaealesAustrobaileyalesMagnoliidss Monocots Eudicots Parallel venation scattered vascular bundles 1 cotyledon Tricolpate pollen After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 19369-19374 Phylogeny of monocots Graham et al., 2006, Aliso 22:3-20 Typhaceae (Cattail family) Photo: Hannah Marx Photo: Hannah Marx Typha latifolia Typha angustifolia Typhaceae (Cattail family) Typhaceae - 1 genus/13 species. Note: different from your textbook treatment, we are not including Sparganium into this family. Herbs, aquatic or wetland; Leaves simple, linear (sword-shaped), and entire; Infloresence a dense spike (with numerous densely clustered flowers in cylindrical cluster), male flowers positioned above the female flowers; Flowers unisexual (plants monoecious); Poaceae/Gramineae (Grass family) Triticum aestivum Ref.2 Oryza sativa Textbook DVD KRR Ref.3 Sorghum vulgare Textbook DVD KRR Zea mays Poaceae/Gramineae (Grass family) Poaceae (or Gramineae) - 650 genera/9,700 species. Note: Alternate family names with an -ae ending are permitted by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature for a few families. One of the largest plant families; The grass family is THE economically most important family of plants, containing all of the cereal grains: wheat, rice, maize, barley, sorghum, millet, rye, oats, etc. Poaceae/Gramineae (Grass family) Herbs, though bamboo achieves tree-like size (but no true secondary growth in monocots, so no true wood). Stems jointed, round and usually hollow; Leaves consist of sheath, ligule, and blade; sheath open, ligule present at junction of sheath and blade. Infloresence a spikelet of many small flowers; each spikelet subtended by two empty bracts called glumes; each individual flower (floret) enclosed by two bracts: the lemma (bract at base of individual floret) and the palea (bract that faces the lemma thereby enclosing the floret). Florets with very reduced perianth (lodicules); little more than swollen bit of tissue; stamen 1-3; Fruit a single-seeded caryopsis (grain) with fruit wall fused to the seed; Growth by intercalary meristem, which is at nodes rather than at tip of stem; This allows regeneration when tip is cut, as in grazing or mowing of prairies/lawns; Poaceae/Gramineae (Grass family) Textbook DVD JRA Textbook DVD WSJ Bambusa ventricosa; Bromus tectorum; Stem jointed; Leaf with sheath, blade, and ligule; Poaceae/Gramineae (Grass family) Textbook DVD KRR Textbook DVD KMN Avena sativa; Paspalum notatum; Spikelets and glumes; Spikelets and stamens; Poaceae/Gramineae (Grass family) Ref.4 Detailed structure of Spikelets and florets; Cyperaceae (Sedge family) Cyperus papyrus Ancient Egyptians used this species for making paper Ref.1 Cyperaceae (Sedge family) Juncaceae - 104 genera/4,500 species. One of the most important families of wetland plants; the genus Carex contains about 2,000 spp. worldwide, >500 spp. in N. America. Herbs, aquatic or terrestrial; Stems triangular, solid or hollow; Leaves with sheath and blade, sheath closed; Inflorescence a spikelet of many small flowers, with one empty bract at the base of each spikelet; Flowers are inconspicuous, each flower subtended by a bract, bisexual or unisexual (then usually monoecious), usually 3 stamens, sometimes only 1 or 2; Fruit an achene; In Carex, a perigynium surrounds the ovary; Cyperaceae (Sedge family) Textbook DVD JRA Textbook DVD KRR+DLN Scleria triglomerata; Scirpus tabernaemontani; Triangular stem and closed sheath; Spikelet; Cyperaceae (Sedge family) Carex blanda; Perigynia (urn-shped or saclike structure Textbook DVD KRR+DLN surrounding the female flower of Carex); Carex blanda; Male and female inflorescences; Juncaceae (Rush family) Textbook DVD WSJ Textbook DVD CSC Juncus dichotomous Luzula multiflora Juncaceae (Rush family) Juncaceae - 6 genera/400 species. The major genera are Juncus (300 spp.) and Luzula (80 spp.) Herbs, aquatic or terrestrial; Stems typically round and solid; Leaves with sheath and blade, sheath usually open; Flowers are inconspicuous, but when you look carefully, they are just like little lily flowers, with 6 tepas (or 3 sepals and 3 petals), 3 or 6 stamens; Fruit capsule; Comparison of the three grass-like families Poaceae Cyperaceae Juncaceae Perianth Reduced to Reduced to 6-tepals or lodicules bristles 3-sepals+3-petals Stem Jointed, round, and Triangular, solid Round, solid usually hollow or hollow Ligule present usually no ligule, abscent but Carex is exception Fruit Caryopsis Achene Capsule Ref.1 http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/600max/html/starr_070221_4773_cyperus_papyrus. Ref.2 http://pictures.nicolas.delerue.org/japan/20030912_riceHarvest/rice_harvest_6745.jpg Ref.3 http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content-nw/full/21/suppl_3/161S/F1 Ref.4 http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/botany_map/images/0645.jpg.