COST Action ES1002 Weather Intelligence for Renewable Energies (WIRE) CURRENT STATE Report August 2012 Contacts: Dr. Alain Heimo Chair COST Action ES1002 “WIRE” Email: [email protected] or List of authors in Chapter 8 1 Table of Content 1 Management summary ......................................................................................................................................................................................7 2 Political, economical and technical framework ..............................................................................................................................................10 3 Research and Development: the European approaches ...................................................................................................................................17 3.1 Wind Energy .............................................................................................................................................................................................18 3.2 Solar Energy .............................................................................................................................................................................................39 3.3 Grid management .....................................................................................................................................................................................68 3.4 Wave Energy ............................................................................................................................................................................................80 4 National activities ...........................................................................................................................................................................................82 4.1 AUSTRIA ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 83 4.2 AUSTRALIA ...........................................................................................................................................................................................85 4.3 BELGIUM ................................................................................................................................................................................................88 4.4 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA ............................................................................................................................................................90 4.5 BULGARIA .............................................................................................................................................................................................93 4.6 CROATIA ................................................................................................................................................................................................97 4.7 CZECH REPUBLIC ...............................................................................................................................................................................100 4.8 DENMARK ............................................................................................................................................................................................104 4.9 FINLAND ..............................................................................................................................................................................................109 4.10 FRANCE ...........................................................................................................................................................................................111 4.11 GERMANY ......................................................................................................................................................................................116 4.12 GREECE ...........................................................................................................................................................................................121 4.13 HUNGARY .......................................................................................................................................................................................124 4.14 ICELAND .........................................................................................................................................................................................127 4.15 ISRAEL.............................................................................................................................................................................................129 4.16 ITALY ..............................................................................................................................................................................................132 4.17 THE NETHERLANDS .....................................................................................................................................................................136 4.18 NORWAY .........................................................................................................................................................................................139 4.19 POLAND ..........................................................................................................................................................................................141 4.20 ROMANIA .......................................................................................................................................................................................145 4.21 SPAIN ...............................................................................................................................................................................................148 4.22 SWITZERLAND ..............................................................................................................................................................................153 4.23 TURKEY ..........................................................................................................................................................................................156 2 5 Conclusions / Recommendations ..................................................................................................................................................................159 6 Appendix A ...................................................................................................................................................................................................161 7 Appendix B ...................................................................................................................................................................................................163 8 List of authors ...............................................................................................................................................................................................164 3 Table of Figures Picture 1: Instruments allowing the inference of the diffuse and direct component of solar radiation separately; a) rotating shadow-band instrument, b) instrument with shading pattern. (courtesy N. Geuder) ......................................................................................................................14 Figure 1: Typical errors introduced by the NWP. Source: Möhrlen [18]. .................................................................................................................21 Figure 2: The development of the forecast error during the last years in the E.On Netz area. The numbers in square brackets are references from Lange et al. [19]. .......................................................................................................................................................................................................22 Figure 3: The error comes from the NWP. The figure shows the difference in degree of explanation between Sipreolico run with HIRLAM input (from an older version of the Spanish HIRLAM) and Sipreolico run with on-site wind speed input. Source: Sanchez et al. [26]. ........................... 24 Figure 4: Very high resolution model domains from left to right: AROME (Meteo France, 41 vertical layers), COSMO-DE (DWD, 50 vertical layers), UM-4km (grey shaded area, UK Met Office, 70 vertical layers). .................................................................................................................25 Figure 5: Spatial cross-correlation of prediction deviations for various prediction times based on German data for the years 1996–1999. For comparison the cross-correlation coefficients of the prediction (36 h) are also shown. All cross-correlation coefficients have been averaged over 25km bins. The figure is provided by M. Lange, energy & meteo systems GmbH. ..................................................................................................29 Figure 6: Forecast error standard deviation ratio versus region size quantified by the region diameter. The horizontal line gives the expected error reduction for an area the size of Germany. The figure is provided by M. Lange, energy & meteo systems GmbH. ................................................