BANKING ON NATURE 2006: The Economic Benefits to Local Communities of National Wildlife Refuge Visitation Erin Carver and James Caudill, Ph.D. Division of Economics U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Washington, DC September 2007 Table Of Contents Executive Summary......................................................................................................................... i Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 1 Glossary ........................................................................................................................................ 11 Region 1........................................................................................................................................ 13 Bandon Marsh National Wildlife Refuge ............................................................................. 14 Camas National Wildlife Refuge.......................................................................................... 18 Deer Flat National Wildlife Refuge...................................................................................... 22 Dungeness National Wildlife Refuge ................................................................................... 26 Hakalau National Wildlife Refuge........................................................................................ 30 Kilauea Point National Wildlife Refuge............................................................................... 34 Malheur National Wildlife Refuge ....................................................................................... 38 McNary National Wildlife Refuge........................................................................................ 42 Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge ..................................................................................... 46 Ridgefield National Wildlife Refuge.................................................................................... 50 Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge....................................................................................... 54 Umatilla National Wildlife Refuge....................................................................................... 58 William Finley National Wildlife Refuge............................................................................. 62 Region 2........................................................................................................................................ 67 Balcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge ................................................................ 68 Bill Williams National Wildlife Refuge ............................................................................... 73 Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge................................................................................... 77 Buffalo Lake National Wildlife Refuge................................................................................ 81 Cibola National Wildlife Refuge .......................................................................................... 85 Kofa National Wildlife Refuge............................................................................................. 89 Maxwell National Wildlife Refuge....................................................................................... 93 Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge .................................................................................... 97 Sequoyah National Wildlife Refuge ................................................................................... 101 Tishomingo National Wildlife Refuge................................................................................ 105 Washita National Wildlife Refuge...................................................................................... 109 Region 3...................................................................................................................................... 113 Big Muddy National Fish and Wildlife Refuge.................................................................. 114 De Soto National Wildlife Refuge...................................................................................... 118 Fergus Falls Wetland Management District ....................................................................... 122 Leopold Wetland Management District.............................................................................. 126 Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge ...................................................................... 130 Muscatatuck National Wildlife Refuge .............................................................................. 134 Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge................................................................................. 138 Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge ....................................................................................... 142 Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge .................................................................................. 146 Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge ................................................................................ 150 St. Croix Wetland Management District............................................................................. 154 Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge..................................................................................... 158 Trempealeau National Wildlife Refuge.............................................................................. 162 Region 4...................................................................................................................................... 167 Cross Creeks National Wildlife Refuge.............................................................................. 168 Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge .................................................................................... 172 Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge............................................................................ 176 St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge ................................................................................... 180 Tensas River National Wildlife Refuge.............................................................................. 185 Waccamaw National Wildlife Refuge ................................................................................ 189 Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge ..................................................................................... 193 White River National Wildlife Refuge ............................................................................... 197 Region 5...................................................................................................................................... 201 Assabet River National Wildlife Refuge ............................................................................ 202 Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge ........................................................................... 206 Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge............................................................................. 210 Eastern Neck National Wildlife Refuge ............................................................................. 214 Eastern Shore of Virginia National Wildlife Refuge.......................................................... 218 Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge..................................................................... 222 James River National Wildlife Refuge ............................................................................... 227 John Heinz at Tinicum National Wildlife Refuge .............................................................. 231 Mason Neck National Wildlife Refuge............................................................................... 235 Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge .................................................................................. 239 Ninigret National Wildlife Refuge...................................................................................... 243 Parker River National Wildlife Refuge............................................................................... 248 Patuxent Research National Wildlife Refuge ..................................................................... 252 Presquile National Wildlife Refuge.................................................................................... 256 Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge................................................................ 260 Region 6...................................................................................................................................... 264 Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge ..................................................................................... 265 Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge .............................................................................. 269 Browns Park National Wildlife Refuge .............................................................................. 273 Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge .................................................................... 277 Huron Wetland Management District................................................................................. 281 Madison Wetland Management District ............................................................................. 285 Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge..............................................................................