November 2017 WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE SECTOR EMERGENCY TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR SUDAN A MANUAL FOR F IELD STAFF AND PRACTITIONERS Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 5 Overview of this Guideline ...................................................................................................... 6 1 Emergency WASH Fundamentals ........................................................................ 7 2 Hygiene Promotion in Emergencies .................................................................... 9 3 Emergency Excreta Management ..................................................................... 12 3.1. Management Decision Tree .............................................................................. 13 3.2. Basic considerations for vulnerable groups’ use of latrines ............................. 15 3.3. First Phase Emergency Options ......................................................................... 16 3.3.1 Open Defecation Fields ..................................................................................... 16 3.3.2 Shallow Trench Latrines ...................................................................................... 16 3.3.3 Communal Deep Trench Latrines ..................................................................... 17 3.3.4 Shallow Family Latrines ..................................................................................... 18 3.3.5 Bucket Latrines .................................................................................................. 19 3.3.6 Packet Latrines (such as Pee-poo bags) ............................................................ 19 3.3.7 Handwashing Facilities ...................................................................................... 20 4 Hygiene Facilities ............................................................................................... 22 5 Wastewater Disposal ......................................................................................... 23 6 Emergency Water Supply .................................................................................. 24 6.1 Emergency Water Supply .................................................................................. 24 6.1.1 Water Requirements and Standards ................................................................. 24 6.2 Emergency Water Source Selection .................................................................. 30 6.2.1 Site Selection and Water Sources ..................................................................... 30 6.2.2 Identifying Water Sources ................................................................................. 30 6.3 Water Safety Plans ............................................................................................ 34 6.3.1 Risk Management – Water Safety Plans ........................................................... 34 6.3.2 Key water safety planning principles ................................................................ 34 6.3.3 Water Safety Plan – 6 Tasks .............................................................................. 35 6.4 Water Trucking in Emergencies ......................................................................... 46 6.4.1 Rationale ............................................................................................................ 46 6.4.2 Quantities and Quality of Water for Trucking ................................................... 48 6.4.3 Planning Water Trucking ................................................................................... 49 6.4.4 Resources required: .......................................................................................... 50 6.4.5 Implementation and Monitoring ....................................................................... 52 6.4.6 Coordination ...................................................................................................... 54 6.4.7 Exit strategy ....................................................................................................... 54 6.5 Rehabilitation & Operation, and Maintenance of Water Supplies ................... 56 6.5.1 Wells ........................................................................................................................ 56 6.5.2 Handpumps ....................................................................................................... 60 6.5.3 Boreholes ........................................................................................................... 61 6.5.4 Pumps ................................................................................................................ 64 6.5.5 Spring box maintenance .................................................................................... 72 6.6 Solar Pumping .................................................................................................... 74 6.6.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 74 6.6.2 Effective Solar Pumping Range.......................................................................... 76 6.6.3 Community Participation .................................................................................. 77 6.6.4 Security .............................................................................................................. 77 6.6.5 Components of a Solar Powered Pumping System ........................................... 78 6.6.6 Demand ............................................................................................................. 81 6.6.7 Design ................................................................................................................ 82 6.6.8 Maintenance...................................................................................................... 83 6.7 Emergency Water Treatment ............................................................................ 85 6.7.1 Water Quality .................................................................................................... 85 6.7.2 Emergency Priorities ......................................................................................... 86 6.7.3 Bulk Water Treatment Methods ....................................................................... 87 6.7.4 Household water treatment (HHWT) ................................................................ 96 6.7.5 Household Water Storage and usage – hygiene promotion ................................ 103 6.7.6 Water quality monitoring ............................................................................... 106 6.8 Water Distribution ........................................................................................... 108 6.8.1 First Phase Emergency .................................................................................... 108 Annex 2.1 Basic Hygiene Kit and Full Hygiene Kit ............................................................... 114 Annex 3.1 Bill of Quantities for Communal Pit latrine (4 block) ....................................... 115 Annex 3.2 Handwashing Options ........................................................................................ 116 Annex 3.3 Soakaway .......................................................................................................... 117 Annex 4.1 WASH Slabs and Showers ................................................................................. 119 Annex 4.2 Shower Details ................................................................................................... 120 Annex 4.3 Screened Hygiene Unit - Private Latrine and Shower Block ............................ 121 Annex 4.4 Bill of Quantities for Women’s Hygiene Unit .................................................... 122 Annex 5.1 Wastewater Facilities ........................................................................................ 123 Annex 6.1: Key Information Checklist Regarding the Water Source .................................. 124 Annex 6.2: Catchment Mapping ......................................................................................... 132 Annex 6.3 Sanitary Survey Forms for Rural Water Supplies: .............................................. 133 Annex 6.4: Sanitary Investigation ....................................................................................... 149 Annex 6.5 Water Safety Plan Team Responsibilities and Authorities ................................ 151 Annex 6.6 Worked Example of a Tankering Schedule ........................................................ 152 Annex 6.7 Water Truck Checklist ........................................................................................ 154 Annex 6.8 Accessibility and safety audit: water point ........................................................ 155 A. Allocation of tasks ........................................................................................... 155 B. Water point - general details .......................................................................... 155 C. Accessibility and safety ................................................................................... 156 D Interviews ........................................................................................................ 158 Annex 6.9 Maintenance