Federmesser mobility patterns in the Western Meuse area, Limburg, the Netherlands: the case studies of Horn-Haelen and Heythuysen-de Fransman I D.D.L. Stoop MA-Thesis Palaeolithic Archaeology Federmesser mobility patterns in the Western Meuse area, Limburg, the Netherlands: the case studies of Horn-Haelen and Heythuysen-de Fransman I D.D.L. Stoop (s1200097) Supervisor: Dr. A. Verpoorte Specialization: Paleolithic Archaeology University of Leiden, Faculty of Archaeology Deventer 16-06-2014, final version Table of Contents Preface 7 Introduction 1.1 Investigating Federmesser mobility 9 1.2 Hunter/Gatherer mobility 10 1.3 Models for Federmesser mobility 11 1.4 Approach and study area 13 1.5 Research questions 16 1.6 Research Methodology 17 1.6.1 Lithic analysis 17 1.6.2 Classification of collections 17 1.7 Overview 18 Late Glacial Archaeology of Northwestern Europe 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 Climate change at the end of the last glacial 20 2.2.2 Pleniglacial / glacial maximum 20 2.2.3 Bølling 20 2.2.4 Older Dryas 21 2.2.5 Allerød 21 2.2.6 Younger Dryas 25 2.3 Late Paleolithic traditions 25 2.3.1 Late Magdalenian 25 2.3.2 Creswellian 26 2.3.3 Federmesser-groups 27 2.3.4 Ahrensburgian 33 2.4 Conclusion 33 Outline of the study Area 3.1 Introduction 34 3.2 Geological setting 35 3.2.2 The Meuse-area 35 3.2.3 The Peelhorst-area 35 3.3 Conclusion 39 3 Horn-Haelen 4.1 Introduction 40 4.2 Location 40 4.3 Stratigraphy 43 4.4 Research History 47 4.5 Documentation and material 49 4.6 Blank production and technology 52 4.6.1 Cores 52 4.6.2 Flakes and Blade(let)s 54 4.7 Blank Consumption and Typology 58 4.7.1 Laterally modified pieces 58 4.7.2 Scrapers 64 4.7.3 Burins 67 4.7.4 Truncated pieces 70 4.7.5 Borers 70 4.7.6 Combination tools 70 4.7.7 Other tool types 71 4.7.8 Admixture 71 4.8 Raw material use 77 4.9 Discussion 80 4.10 Conclusion 82 Heythuysen-de Fransman I 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Location 83 5.3 Research history 87 5.4 Stratigraphy 89 5.5 Documentation and material 90 5.6 Blank production and technology 92 5.6.1 Cores 92 5.6.2 Flakes and blade(let)s 93 5.7 Blank consumption and typology 98 5.7.1 Pointed Laterally modified pieces and other point types 98 5.7.2 Scrapers 100 4 5.7.3 Burins 101 5.7.4 Truncated pieces 103 5.7.5 Borers 103 5.7.6 Combination tools 104 5.7.7 Other tool types 104 5.7.8 A cortical engraving and other finds 105 5.8 Raw material use 106 5.9 Discussion 108 5.10 Conclusion 116 Survey of Federmesser-sites in central Limburg 6.1 Introduction 118 6.2 Issues with surface collections 118 6.3 Source material 119 6.4 Site location analysis 120 6.5 Discussion 126 6.6 Conclusion 126 Interpretation and discussion 7.1 Introduction 127 7.2 The two key-sites 127 7.2.1 Horn-Haelen 127 7.2.2 Heythuysen-de Fransman-I 128 7.2.3 Site Comparison 128 7.3 Site function and mobility 129 7.5 Alternative hypotheses 130 7.6 Conclusion 132 Bibliography 134 Appendix I Typological Criteria Appendix II Site Database Appendix III Supplementary Documentation Appendix IV Pictures 5 6 Preface This thesis is the product of over 1,5 years of work on Federmesser-groups in the Area of Limburg. It came into being through my bachelor thesis, which focused on the collection by Amateur- archaeologist Jo Smeets. The site of Horn-Haelen was deliberately left out of this thesis because the author felt its unmixed character deserved special attention. Therefore, this thesis started out as a lithic study on the Horn-Haelen material. The ultimately more interesting site of Heythuysen-de Fransman was suggested by A. Verpoorte, related to the Gravettian question which will be addressed later. This may very well be the only time I’m allowed to research exactly what I want to, and I have tried to make the most of it. I hope my research has contributed to archaeology in addition to my own pleasure. And now onto the many people to whom I own thanks for this thesis. Firstly, I would like to thank A. Verpoorte, my thesis supervisor for his extensive commentary on the various earlier versions of this thesis. Where I got lost in the vast amounts of (very interesting but totally not related) information, he helped me to focus on my actual research. His crash-course in academic writing allowed me to write it in such a way that the information in the thesis is truly objective, or so I have attempted to do. Reading up on the Paris-basin sites has also convinced me of the importance of publishing in English, making the information available for international study. Or maybe I should have just paid attention during French class. I would like to thank my friends in Deventer, with L. de Rouw, R. Kramer and B. Steffens in particular, for their support and patience with me while writing this thesis. I would also like to thank C. Alink, N. Middag and S. Möller for helping with various illustrations and measurements. Of course, I would like to thank my family for everything during the last year, particularly my father, who happened to know various collectors through his work at the municipality. For the preparation of the study, I would like to thank J. Deeben, with whom I discussed hunter- gatherer behavior in the Limburg area and the various sites there. I was also allowed to use his unpublished dataset, for which I am grateful. Also, I want to thank M.F. van Oorsouw, for arranging for me to speak on the subject at the Stone Age archaeology-day (Steentijddag) of 2014. For the study of the various sites, I would like to thank the various collectors and their descendants who generously made all the material from Heythuysen-de Fransman available to me. I would like to thank S. Beeren for allowing me to visit for two days in a row and for all the information about the Beeren family and their history. I would also want to thank S. Silvrants, for also allowing me to visit for two days in a row and for all the information on the history of amateur-archaeology in Limburg. For the Verhaeg-collection, I would like to thank M. Verhaeg and E. Verhaeg and L. Lenders who made the collection available to me. 7 For the Horn-Haelen site, I want to thank Groningen University in general and K. van der Ploeg and H. Peeters in particular, who arranged for me to study the Horn-Haelen material from the GIA collection, in spite of their busy schedule. Secondly, I want to thank E. Rensink, for his commentary on the thesis proposal and making the soil profile from Horn-Haelen available to me. I would also like to thank L. Thissen for his information on his father J. Thissen and his relation to A.M. Wouters. Of course, the sites could have never been published were it not for the original excavators. The site of Heythuysen-de Fransman is still the site of Sjeng Beeren, Sef Silvrants, Ad Wouters, Harrie Verhaeg and W. Vossen a.o., who spent many a free afternoon saving the artifacts from destruction. These active amateur archaeologists did the best they could with the best intentions and preserved the material for scientific study. The site of Horn-Haelen is still the site of Joep Thissen and Ad Wouters, who discovered the first Late Paleolithic site of Limburg in the sands of the PLEM-power plant. Everywhere I went during my study of late Paleolithic sites in Limburg I was confronted with the legacy of A.M. Wouters. One only needs to open a random print of the “Archaeologische Berichten”- series to be confronted with the schism between professional and amateur-archaeologists that haunted Stone Age archaeology in the Netherlands for some 20 years. Still, many archeologists are doubtful on the authenticity of anything connected to the name of Wouters. Despite the controversy and personal conflict surrounding Wouters, it should not be forgotten he laid the basis for Stone Age archaeology in the southern Netherlands. Were it not for him, both sites would never have been published, in fact, Stone Age archaeology in the Netherlands would have been drastically different from what it is today. I would have been very curious as to Wouters’ opinion on my thesis. Would he have written an angry article to defend his Gravettian claim, or would he have been happy the sites still receive the attention of a new generation thanks to him ? 8 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Investigating Federmesser mobility After the end of the ´Golden Age´ of the Upper Palaeolithic (Middle Upper Palaeolithic); during the maximum ice advance of the Last Glacial Maximum, North Western Europe was abandoned by human populations. Humans would not return the area for a period of several thousand years (Roebroeks et al 2000). After the Last Glacial Maximum, recolonisation started around 16.000 BP. Humans of the Magdalenian tradition appeared in the Rhineland and the Ardennes. During this period, the loess plateaus of the Southern Netherlands were visited by Late Magdalenian human groups for the first time (Rensink 2012).