History of American Political History of American Parties Parties • Six “party systems” or historical eras • Changes in the nature of the two parties – Which voters support which party – What issues each party adopts • This change called a realignment 1848 Whig Party candidates Zachary Taylor & Millard Fillmore First Party System: First Party System: 1790-1824 1790-1824 Federalist Party Democratic-Republican Party • No parties in Constitution • Develop at elite level • Issues – National bank – Relations with France and England Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson James Madison Strong national government Strong state governments 1 First Party System: Constituencies 1790-1824 • Develop inside Congress • Constituency – Loose coalition of supporters or opponents to – Limited electorate Hamilton versus Jefferson/Madison – Weakly organized • facilitates passage of legislation • Federalists: New England, English ancestry, – Coordination needed to win presidency commercial interests • Democratic-Republican: South and Mid-Atlantic, Irish/Scot/German ancestry, farmers and artisans, prosperity through western expansion First Party System: 1790-1824 All election maps from nationalatlas.gov • Electoral outcomes Source: http://nationalatlas.gov/elections/elect01.gif – 1796 John Adams (Federalist) • Thomas Jefferson, Vice President – 1800 tied vote and 12th Amendment – Democratic-Republican won next three • Madison, Monroe, John Quincy Adams 2 Second Party System: Federalists disappear by 1820 1828-1852 • Policy disputes within party • Old Democratic-Republican party split into • Failure to organize public support factions in 1824 • Burr-Hamilton duel, 1804 – four factions nominate different president – No majority in Electoral College, House • Opposition to War of 1812 selects J.Q. Adams • Republican-Democrats co-opt issues • Andrew Jackson comes to dominate one faction • Another faction becomes the Whig party Second Party System: Democratic Party 1828-1852 • First real party organizations • Jackson wins presidency 1828 • First mass-based parties • Issues – limited federal government, hard • Professional politicians money policy • Other presidents (Van Buren, Polk, Pierce, Buchanan) • Congressional and organizational leaders (Calhoun, Van Buren) 3 Whig Party Constituencies Webster Clay • Democratic Party • Whig Party • Small farmer, frontier • Middle/Upper class • Issues - economic development, reform • Foreign-born • Native-born or British • Presidents:Harrison, Tyler, Taylor, • Catholic • Evangelical Fillmore Protestant – mostly nonpolitical military heroes • Congressional leaders – Daniel Webster - great orator – Henry Clay - compromise leader Changes in Parties in 2nd Party End of Second Party System System • Failure of compromises over slavery • Recognition of legitimacy of parties – Divides North and South and splits both major • Patronage parties • Mass-based parties • Number of third parties • Party convention to nominate president – Free Soil (anti-slavery) – American or Know-Nothing (anti-immigrant) • Whig party disappears, Democrats transformed 4 Third Party System: 1856-1894 Republican Party • Post Civil War party system • Era of business expansion more than Lincoln Grant political leaders • Combination of Whigs, northern Democrats, Free Soil, Know Nothing • Current Republican versus Democrats, but different issues and constituencies • Control presidency with Civil War heroes • Issues: industrial growth with high tariff laws, restrictions on labor, tight money policy, Homestead Act, land grants to railroads Republican Presidents: Democratic Party Third Party System • Party of the South • Rutherford B. Hayes • Only won presidency once (1877-1881) (Cleveland) • James A. Garfield • More competitive in Congress Grover Cleveland (1881) • Toward turn of century add B. A. • Chester A. Arthur urban immigrants, who were (1881-1885) locked out of the Republican party • Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893) C. D. 5 Golden Age of American parties Fourth party system: 1896-1930 • Strong party organization • Failure to realign along class lines • Strong leaders in Congress and state • Economic strains in 1890s, urban & rural legislatures • Populist movement • Loyal party supporters in electorate – Use government to aid “little guy” • Rise of party machines in urban areas – Silver standard – For income tax – 8 hour day for labor William Jennings Bryan Republican Party • Republican William McKinley won in 1896 “You shall not press down • Reemerges as a much stronger party upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall • Control presidency 1896-1932, except for not crucify mankind upon Wilson elected due to split in Republican a cross of gold.” party Populist leader and 1896 Democratic presidential nominee President McKinley 6 Changing Competition Progressive Movement • One party control in many states • Middle class reform movement • Regional split in party constituencies • Clean up abuses of power in politics and – Conservative southern Democratic party business – Republican party of business in the North • Registration laws • Decline in voter turnout • Primaries • Civil service rather than patronage • Nonpartisan local elections & city managers Fifth Party System: 1932 - 1960 New Deal Realignment • Large Democratic majority allow dramatic new policies to be passed • Great Depression • Benefits cement loyalties of new voters • Hoover blamed – recent immigrants from southern and Eastern • 1932 Democratic Europe, Catholic or Jews, northern blacks, Franklin Delano union members, poor Roosevelt won by “default” • Retained conservative southern Democrats 7 Fifth Party System: 1932 - 1960 Changes in party structures • Democratic majority party but split • Increasing decline in party machines between liberal North and conservative • Rise of politician more independent from South factions party • Republicans minority • Media & technology – Only President Dwight Eisenhower in 1950s • Mixed presidential nomination system – Control Congress only twice • Multiple leadership positions in Congress Sixth Party System: 1964 - Changing Constituencies • Evenly matched parties • Exit of southern Democrats to southern • Rise of independent voters & split-ticket Republican party voting • Strengthening loyalties of African • Frequent divided government Americans to Democratic party • Frequent switch of presidential party • Emergence of gender gap • Candidate-centered campaigns • Presidential nominations through primaries 8 Realignments • Long-term (30 years) change in nature of parties • Change in constituencies • Change in issues • Change in majority status • Later years decay in alignment – new issues – conflicts between constituent groups 9.