Public Disclosure Authorized Revitalizing Pakistan’s Public Disclosure Authorized Fisheries Options for Sustainable Development Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized © 2018 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions ex- pressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. Suggested Citation: P. Patil, D. Kaczan, J. Roberts, R. Jabeen, B. Roberts, J. Barbosa, S. Zuberi, T. Huntington, G. Haylor, S. Hussain, C. Brugere, I. Goulding, and M. Dillon, 2018. “Revitalizing Pakistan’s Fisheries: Options for Sustainable Development.” Washington, DC, The World Bank Group and L’Agence Française de Développement. Design by Alejandro Espinosa/SonIdeas Revitalizing Pakistan’s Fisheries Options for Sustainable Development AUTHORS: Pawan Patil Tim Huntington David Kaczan Graham Haylor Julian Roberts Shaukat Hussain Rahat Jabeen Ian Goulding Bradford Roberts Mike Dillon Jorge Guillermo Barbosa Cecile Brugere Saima Zuberi A COLLABORATIVE PARTNERSHIP: (piola666, iStockphoto) v Acknowledgments his report was prepared by a World Bank team comprising Pawan Patil (Senior Economist), David Kaczan (Econ- omist), Julian Roberts (Consultant), Rahat Jabeen (Environmental Specialist), Bradford Roberts (Senior Private Sector Specialist), Jorge Guillermo Barbosa (Consultant), and Saima Zuberi (Private Sector Specialist), along with a consultant team from Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd. comprising Tim Huntington, Graham Hay- Tlor, Shaukat Hussain, Ian Goulding, Mike Dillon, and Cecile Brugere. The report benefited from close collaboration with staff from L’Agence Française de Développement: Jacky Amprou (Country Director), Marie-Cécile Thiron (Deputy to the Division for Agriculture, Rural Development and Biodiversity), Hélène Gobert (Fishery and Aquaculture Specialist), and Ahsan Paracha (Project Manager). The report similarly ben- efited from collaboration with Badar ul Islam (Programme Officer, SME and Export Development) and Steffen Kaeser (Chief, Standards and Trade Facilitation Division) of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization. The team is very grateful for the support and overall guidance of Arif Ahmed Khan (Secretary, Economic Affairs Divi- sion, Government of Pakistan). The team would also like to thank M. Waseem Khan (Director General, Marine Fisheries Department), and Muhammad Waseem (Chairman, Sindh Planning and Development Board). From the Government of Sindh Fisheries and Livestock Department, the team would like to thank Baqaullah Unnar (Secretary), Sohail Akber Shah (former Secretary), Ghulam Mohammad Mahar (Director General for Fisheries), and Aslam Jarwar (Deputy Direc- tor and Focal Person on the Blue Economy). The team thanks staff at the World Bank including Hart Schafer (Regional Vice President), Illango Patchamuthu (Coun- try Director), Melinda Good (Manager, Operations), Karin Kemper (Senior Director), Julia Bucknall (Director), and Kseni- ya Lvovsky (Practice Manager) for their encouragement, guidance, and support. The report benefited greatly from discussions with participants at the Revitalizing Pakistan’s Fisheries Workshop, Ka- rachi, November 8-9, 2017, including representatives from fisheries departments from all Provinces and Territories. The team thanks the Government of Sindh Fisheries and Livestock Department for its valuable support during this workshop and visits. Constructive comments on the report were received from the following World Bank peer reviewers: Berengere Prince (Lead Natural Resources Management Specialist), Randall Brummett (Senior Fisheries Specialist), and Amjad Bashir Revitalizing Pakistan’s Fisheries • Options for Sustainable Development Acknowledgments vi (Senior Economist). The team acknowledges helpful suggestions from other World Bank staff members Urvashi Nara- in (Lead Environmental Economist), Tijen Arin (Senior Environmental Economist), and Mimako Kobayashi (Senior Nat- ural Resources Economist), and from Antonius Gagern (Senior Associate, California Environmental Associates), Paul Fanning, and Paul Medley (Consultants, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). The authors are grateful for support from Nimanthi Attapattu (Operations Analyst), Rubina Geizla Quamber (Program Assistant), Ghulam Farid (Program Assistant), and Abdul Qadir (Senior Executive Assistant), of the World Bank. Any errors or omissions are the authors’ own. Graphic design is by Alejandro Espinosa/Sonideas The team gratefully acknowledges the financial support provided by the Pakistan Trade and Investment Policy Pro- gram (P-TIPP) of the World Bank, which is supported by the Government of Australia, and the Umbrella Facility for Gender Equality, which is supported by the Governments of Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and United States. Generous financial support from L’Agence Française de Développement and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization is acknowledged with thanks, along with technical support from WorldFish. The team would also like to acknowledge the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Insti- tute of Marine Research, funded by NORAD, for their support of the Fisheries Resources Appraisal in Pakistan Project, an input into this study. Revitalizing Pakistan’s Fisheries • Options for Sustainable Development Acknowledgments vii Executive Summary The Status of Pakistan’s Fisheries Pakistan is the world’s sixth-most populous country, with a population in 2017 of approximately 193 million people and a per-capita income of US$1,629. The poverty rate (US$1.90 per day or less) has de- creased from 13.2 percent of the population in 2007 to an estimated 4.9 percent in 2017-18. However, Pakistan’s human development indicators—education, nutrition, and gender equity, among others—remain low compared to countries globally and to other South Asian nations. This is particularly true in rural areas, home to two thirds of the population, where a large proportion of households are highly dependent on agriculture, fishing, and other natural resources. Pakistan’s fisheries contribute modestly to economic growth and social development. Fisheries account for less than 0.4 percent of GDP. In 2015, marine capture fisheries produced almost 360,000 tons of fish, while inland capture fisheries and aquaculture operations produced a further 132,500 tons and 151,000 tons, respectively. The marine sector is a significant economic pursuit for people along the coasts of Sindh and Balochistan, while small-scale aquaculture and inland capture fisheries are found across the country. Fisheries employ a reported 390,000 people directly, and when secondary jobs such as processing, transporting, and retailing are considered, the number rises to between 900,000 and 1,800,000 jobs in total. Yet Pakistan’s fisheries face challenges and are not achieving their economic potential. The marine capture fishery has experienced a decrease in overall production since the 1990s, and a decrease in per-unit value. A recent stock assessment by the Government of Pakistan and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization found that Pakistan’s marine fisheries are depleted and overfished, and that a continuation of current levels of fishing will seriously undermine production further. The decrease in production has occurred even while total fishing effort (the harvest capacity of the fishing fleet and the time spent fishing) has increased. In addition, costs are high, undermining the sector’s profitability, while the shrinking resource base beneath the water undermines livelihoods in vulnerable, small-scale fishing communities. Aquaculture is also failing to fulfill its potential, despite favorable agro-climatic conditions. While the coun- try has extensive resources of fresh and brackish water, aquaculture in Pakistan is limited in its variety and extent. The industry is dominated by carp, with small quantities of tilapia and trout. Marine and coastal aquaculture, such as shrimp farming, are almost non-existent. Despite good agro-climatic conditions, Pakistan lags its neighbors in aqua- culture production: Bangladesh and India are among the world’s top-five aquaculture-producing countries, while Pakistan ranks 28th. Its aquaculture growth rate of approximately 1.5 percent per year over the past five years is con- siderably slower