Lingua, traduzione, didattica Collana fondata da Anna Cardinaletti, Fabrizio Frasnedi, Giuliana Garzone Direzione Anna Cardinaletti, Giuliana Garzone, Laura Salmon Comitato scientifico Paolo Balboni, Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia Maria Vittoria Calvi, Università degli Studi di Milano Guglielmo Cinque, Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia Michele Cortelazzo, Università degli Studi di Padova Maurizio Gotti, Università degli Studi di Bergamo Alessandra Lavagnino, Università degli Studi di Milano Leo Schena, Università degli Studi di Modena Marcello Soffritti, Università degli Studi di Bologna, sede di Forlì La collana intende accogliere contributi dedicati alla descrizione e all’analisi dell’italiano e di altre lingue moderne e antiche, secondo l’ampio ventaglio delle teorie linguistiche e con riferimento alle realizzazioni scritte e orali, offrendo così strumenti di lavoro sia agli specialisti del settore sia agli studenti. Nel quadro dello studio teorico dei meccanismi che governano il funzionamento e l’evoluzione delle lingue, la collana riserva ampio spazio ai contributi dedicati all’analisi del testo tradotto, in quanto luogo di contatto e veicolo privilegiato di interferenza. Parallelamente, essa è aperta ad accogliere lavori sui temi relativi alla didattica dell’italiano e delle lingue straniere, nonché alla didattica della traduzione, riportando così i risultati delle indagini descrittive e teoriche a una dimensione di tipo formativo. La vocazione della collana a coniugare la ricerca teorica e la didattica, inoltre, è solo il versante privilegiato dell’apertura a contributi di tipo applicativo. Tutti i testi pubblicati nella collana sono sottoposti a un processo di peer review. I lettori che desiderano informarsi sui libri e le riviste da noi pubblicati possono consultare il nostro sito Internet: www.francoangeli.it e iscriversi nella home page al servizio “Informatemi” per ricevere via e-mail le segnalazioni delle novità COPY 15,5X23 1-02-2016 8:56 Pagina 1 COMMUNICATING MEDICINE POPULARIZING MEDICINE edited by Franca Daniele Giuliana Garzone FrancoAngeli Il volume è stato pubblicato con il contributo dell’Università “G. D’Annunzio” di Chieti – Pescara – Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche. Copyright © 2016 by FrancoAngeli s.r.l., Milano, Italy. Ristampa Anno 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 L’opera, comprese tutte le sue parti, è tutelata dalla legge sui diritti d’autore. Sono vietate e sanzionate (se non espressamente autorizzate) la riproduzione in ogni modo e forma (comprese le fotocopie, la scansione, la memorizzazione elettronica) e la comunicazione (ivi inclusi a titolo esemplificativo ma non esaustivo: la distribuzione, l’adattamento, la traduzione e la rielaborazione, anche a mezzo di canali digitali interattivi e con qualsiasi modalità attualmente nota od in futuro sviluppata). Le fotocopie per uso personale del lettore possono essere effettuate nei limiti del 15% di ciascun volume dietro pagamento alla SIAE del compenso previsto dall’art. 68, commi 4 e 5, della legge 22 aprile 1941 n. 633. Le fotocopie effettuate per finalità di carattere professionale, economico o commerciale o comunque per uso diverso da quello personale, possono essere effettuate a seguito di specifica autorizzazione rilasciata da CLEARedi, Centro Licenze e Autorizzazioni per le Riproduzioni Editoriali (www.clearedi.org; e-mail [email protected]). Stampa: Digital Print Service srl - sede legale: via dell’Annunciata 27, 20121 Milano; sedi operative: via Torricelli 9, 20090 Segrate (MI) e via Merano 18, 20127 Milano INDEX Introduction Franca Daniele and Giuliana Garzone pag. 7 Section 1 A Dynamic Classifi cation of Medical Genres Franca Daniele » 15 Strategies of Self Mention in Traditional Indian Medical Discourse Annarita Tavani » 35 A Framework for Medical Poster Multimodal Analysis: a Pilot Study Stefania Maci » 49 The Building Blocks of Medical Discourse. A Function-and- Corpus Driven Approach to ESP Renzo Mocini » 73 Academic Medical Speech. A Corpus-based Investigation of Same-Speaker Most Frequent Content Key Word Repetition in Non-Native English Discourse Barbara Cappuzzo » 93 Section 2 The Popularization of Psychiatric Discourse in the Media Paola Clara Leotta » 109 5 New Health Advice: Health Forum Sites as a Change of Discourse Frame, from Doctor-to-Patient to User-to-User Marianna Iya Zummo pag. 131 Apomediated Communication in Medicine 2.0: a Multimodal Discourse Study of Patient Empowerment Anna Franca Plastina » 147 Multilingual Perspectives o n Italian Public Healthcare Websites Kim Grego and Alessandra Vicentini » 165 Authors » 191 6 COMMUNICATING MEDICINE POPULARIZING MEDICINE Franca Daniele “G. d’Annunzio” University – Chieti-Pescara Giuliana Garzone University of Milan 1. Introductory remarks This Volume is a collection of original chapters on various viewpoints of healthcare communication. In terms of approaches and aspects investigated, the variety of the studies presented in the Volume refl ects the diversity of the forms of communication associated with various social practices and registers within the medical fi eld. Scientifi c medical communication, both inter- and intra-specialistic (Cloître and Shinn 1985) comprises on the one hand genres reporting on scientifi c medical research in its different branches (from physiology to paediatrics, from cardiology to orthopaedics, from gastroenterology to psychiatry, etc.) involving epidemiological observations and clinical trials, as well as the pharmacological and therapeutic implications; on the other hand, it includes forms of professional communication involving interaction with patients, essentially designed to collect elements to reach a diagnosis and provide indications for treatment; this also results in the re-elaboration of clinical data in technical forms of specialised discourse (clinical records, transcripts, reports, etc.). The need to communicate with patients is a distinctive peculiarity of healthcare discourse, where effective communication is much more important than in many other specialised domains, as doctors have to inform patients about their conditions, introducing important medical notions, and proposing actions for treatment (cf. amongst others, Mishler 1984; Waitzkin 1991; Ainsworth Vaughn 1998; Heritage and Maynard 2006). This is all the more true as in many cases doctors’ ability to get their message through effectively is a crucial element in determining the correctness of treatment and patients’ compliance. Thus it can be stated that the transmission and dissemination of knowledge in the medical domain is a very serious endeavour, taking place at different levels of specialisation and for a variety of different purposes, from care and treatment to health prevention, from medical training to awareness campaigns. 7 The diversifi ed character of knowledge and communication in the medical fi eld is refl ected in the structure of this Volume. Chapters in the First Section deal with more traditional academic genres (scientifi c papers published in journals, poster presentations at conferences), with some attention also given to pedagogical issues and pedagogically-oriented texts. The Second Section is devoted to web-mediated forms of health communication, and in particular to websites from which patients can obtain specialist information, counsel or help. If traditionally doctors were the only authoritative repositories of medical wisdom and advice on all aspects of healthcare, today the Internet makes alternative sources available which may be relied on by patients to identify the possible causes for certain symptoms, to learn about prevention or treatment for certain diseases, to fi nd indications for self-diagnosis and self-help, to share views in peer-to-peer exchanges, etc. These practices are surely innovative and may contribute to a more ‘democratic’ management of medical knowldge, challenging the dominance of health professionals in patient counselling, and somehow altering the traditional bio-medical model of healthcare (cf. e.g. Candlin 2006: 65). However, there are serious reasons to believe that reliance on these ‘self-service’ forms of medical information and advice may have negative outcomes (cf. e.g. Semigran et al. 2015; Miller 2015). What is interesting from the viewpoint of the linguist and discourse analyst is that the advent of the Internet, and in particular of Web 2.0, has created new spaces for healthcare communication, i.e. new ‘communicative ecologies’ (Gumperz 1999) which are still largely unexplored. After this initial overview of the themes investigated in this Volume, the following section will offer a more detailed description of the contents, introducing some of the specifi c issues discussed in the various chapters. 2. Contents of the Volume The First Section of the Volume presents studies that investigate more traditional academic genres in medical communication. In the two opening chapters the focus is on specialised medical writing. Franca DANIELE investigates the various kinds of articles published in two of the most authoritative peer-reviewed general medical journals, The New England Journal of Medicine and The Lancet, and provides a ‘dynamic classifi cation’ of the different genres included. Findings from the investigation indicate that the genre repertoires of these two Journals fundamentally overlap in the case of research articles, while on the contrary there are variations in the case of non-research papers. The next chapter, authored