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Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Jackson, Frederick Henry THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL RELATIONSHIPS OF THE TRUKIC LANGUAGES OF MICRONESIA University of Hawaii PH.D. 1983 University Microfilms I nternational 300N.Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI48106 Copyright 1983 by Jackson, Frederick Henry All Rights Reserved PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark 4 . Glossy photographs or pages Colored illustrations, paper or print Photographs with dark background lllustrations are poor copy Pages with black marks, not original copy Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages 4 Print exceeds margin requirements Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine Computer printout pages with indistinct print Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. Page(@ seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. Two pages numbered . Text follows. Curling and wrinkled pages Other University Microfilms International THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL RELATIONSHIPS OF THE TRUKIC LANGUAGES OF MICRONESIA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LINGUISTICS DECEMBER 1983 BY Frederick Henry Jackson Dissertation Committee: Byron W. Bender, Chairman George W. Grace Sheldon P. Harrison I. Jay Howard Roderick A. Jacobs Ted H. Plaister Lawrence A. Reid We certify that we have read thh dissertation and that in our opinion it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophv in Linguistics. DISSERTATION COMMITTEE .A Chairman ACKNOWLEDGMENTS During the eleven years that I have been a graduate student in Linguistics at the University of Hawaii, I have been fortunate to receive assistance and encouragement from many people. It is impossible for me to acknowledge them all here, lest the size of this dissertation.become even more unwieldy, but I would like to use this space to express my most sincere thanks to the following: (1) To Ruth Crymes, Jay Howard, Robert Krohn, and Danny Steinberg, who first inspired and encouraged me to enter Linguistics; (2) To Gordon Fairbanks, who introduced me to the pleasures of comparative linguistics ; (3) To the people with whom I have had the great pleasure to work in the Bilingual Education Program for Micronesia: Dave Bird, Robert Gibson, Elaine Good, Ermile Hargrove, Karen G1eo, Jean Kirschemnann, Ken Rehg, and Hiroshi Sugita; and to the University faculty who helped keep the program alive for eight exciting years: Byron Bender, Ruth Crymes, Roderick Jacobs, Ted Plaister, and, especially, Donald Topping. No one could ask for a better or more stimulating situation in which to work; (4) To the members of the Comparative Micronesian Seminar, who helped uncover much of the data on which this dissertation is based, and --whose ideas and comments sparked many of my own thoughts: Byron Bender, Robert Hsu, Jeff Marck, Ken Rehg, Ho-Min Sohn, Steve Trussel, and Jude Wang; (5) To other linguists working on Oceanic languages who have willingly shared their ideas (and their data), including Robert Blust, Ward Goodenough, George Grace, Peter Lincoln, Andrew Pawley, and, especially, Paul Geraghty and Sheldon Harrison; (6) To the following Micronesians, who have cheerfully tolerated my questions about aspects of their languages on uncountable occasions: Anthony Tawerilmang, Jesus Elameto, Joe Tiucheimal, Riochy Johnny, Mikeas Olap, Tony Otto, Marciana Akasy, Ancheres Rechim, Antonio Kaipat, Rosa Worakai, David Omar, Rosario Ngirbabul, Frank Olopai, Kimeuo Kimiuo, and Teresa Taitano; (7) To Byron Bender, George Grace, Sheldon Harrison, Jay Howard, and Lawrence Reid, whose comments on earlier drafts of this dissertation have helped considerably to make it a better work; (8) To Woralak Tiyaporn, Chairman of the Department of English at Chiangmai University, Chiangmai, Thailand, for making it possible for me to have the time needed to write this dissertation, and leave during which I was able to defend it; and (9) To Satoko Lincoln, for typing the dissertation under extreme pressure, and for remainiug inveterately cheerful and calming while doing so. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Capt . and Mrs. Henry S. Jackson, for their help and support which has made it feasible for me to complete this work at this time, and to express my very special appreciation to my.wife Panida and son Christopher, who have put up with me during this difficult-period, and whose support and encouragement have made it all possible. ABSTRACT This dissertation is a primarily comparative study of the Trukic languages of Micronesia. It has three interrelated aims: to establish the linguistic integrity of the Trukic subgroup of Oceanic; to form a principled hypothesis of subgrouping within the Trukic group; and to establish the identity of the languages and language groups that are most closely related to the Trukic group. Related to this last aim is the establishment of the integrity of the Micronesian group of languages, consisting of the Trukic languages, the Ponapeic languages, and the Marshallese, Kiribati (Gilbertese), and Kosraean (~usaiean)languages, and the development of a principled subgrouping hypothesis for within Micronesian. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the work. In chapter 2, the major consonant correspondences between Proto-Oceanic and the Trukic languages are established, and a tentative phonemic system for, Proto-Trukic (PTK) is reconstructed. Significant aspects of the PTK. grammatical system are also reconstructed, and it is demonstrated that seven grammatical forms appear to be PTK innovations. Lexical evidence for the Trukic group is also presented. In chapter 3, the sound systems of the modern Trukic languages are described, and the historical sound changes that have led to these systems are induced. Evidence is presented which appears to require the reconstruction of an additional PTK apical obstruent. Other vii evidence is examined which suggests that rules affecting PTK *k and *t have been diffusing through the lexicons of Trukic languages at different rates in much the manner described in Wang (19791, and that the patterns of lexical diffusion constitute important evidence for subgrouping in Trukic. Grammatical and lexical evidence is also examined, and it is concluded that Ulithian was the first language to separate from the PTK community. In chapter 4, phonological correspondences between Trukic and the other Micronesian languages are established, and qualitative evidence is presented for the integrity of the Micronesian group. Subgroupings within Micronesian are also proposed, and it is shown that the closest relative of Trukic is Ponapeic. In fact, evidence is examined which suggests that the Ponapeic languages may be members of the Trukic subgroup. The chapter concludes with epeculation on population dispersal during the settlement of Micronesia. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................... iv ABSTRACT ..! ...................... vii LISTOFTABLES ...................... xiv LISTOFFIGURES ...................... xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................... w ii CHAPTER1 . INTRODUCTION ................. 1.1 Geographic and demographic background ...... 1.2 Previous comparative and historical studies of the Trukic languages ............. 1.3 Sources of data for.the present work .....