Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1990-09 Telephone primer Hovatter, Patrick J. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/34900 AD-A239 527 0Q, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California Iz DTIC F LECTE AUG 19 1991 U D THESIS TELEPHONE PRIMER by Patrick J. Hovatter September 1990 Thesis Advisor: CDR Allan Tulloch Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 91-08086 9 1 8 16 ( 2 7 IIil 1Iii 11I!lIJll 1 ISCLAIMEI NOTICE THIS DOCUMENT IS BEST QUALITY AVAILABLE. THE COPY FURNISHED TO DTIC CONTAIN ED A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF, PAGES WHICH DO NOT REPRODUCE LEGIBLY. Unclassified sccurity classification of this page REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1a ReporiSecu, ity Classification Unclassified l b Restrictive Markings 2a Security Classification Authority 3 Distribution;Avaiiabilhty of Report 2b DeclassificationDowngrading Schedule Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 4 Performing Organization Report Number(s) S Monitoring Organization Report Number(s) 6a Name of Performing Organization 6b Office Symbol 7a.ao.of-Mot.niiqing Organization Naval Postgraduate School (Ifapplicable) 32 Naval Postm'dtliSchoo . 6c Address (city, state, and ZIP code) 7b Address (city, state, and ZIP code) Monterey, CA 93943-5000 Monterey, CA 93943-5000 Sa Name of FundingiSponsoring Organization 8b Office Symbol 9 Pro6 fiethentilnstrumntTdeitili~ation Number (tf applicable) gc Address (city, state, and ZIP code) 10 Source of Funding Numbers Program Element No Project No ITask No I Work Unit Accession No I Title (include security classlcatton) TELEPHONE PRIMER 12 Personal Author(s) Patrick J. Hovatter 13a Type of Report 13b Time Covered 14 Date of Report (year, month, day) 15 Page Count Master's Thesis From To September 1990 7 138 16 Supplementary Notation The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or po- sition of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. 17 Cosati Codes 18 Subject Terms (continue on reverse If necessary and Identify by block number) Field Group Subgroup Telephone, Telecommunications, phone 19 Abstract (continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) The telephone is the most common and widely used electronic communication device in use today. Because of this, the military is heavily reliant on the telephone system and considers it the primary voice communications medium. Furthermore, % recent technological advances will dramatically change the telephone as we know it today. This thesis will take a compre- hensive look at the telephone in today's complex telecommunications environment. It will describe the technical aspects of individual components as wvell as how the system works as a whole. The divestiture of AT&T will be analyzed, especially the effects it has had on the military. After describing the historical and technical asppcts of the telephone system, the thesis will focus it, attention on military telephone programs and upgrades being planned to increase telephone capabilities and survivability. 20 DistnbutionAvalability of Abstract 21 Abstract Security Classification 2. unclassified. unlimited 0 same as report 0 DTIC users Unclassified 22a Name of Responsible Indiiidual 22b Telephone (Inciude Area code) 22c Office Symbol Allan W. Tulioch 1(408) 646-2995 AS Tu DD FORM 1473,S4 MAR 83 APR edition may be used until exhausted security classication of this page All other edtions are obsolete Unclassified Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Telephone Primer by Patrick J. Hovatter Commander, United States Navy B.S.M.E., University of Mississippi, 1974 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL September 1990 Author: Patrick J. Hovatter Approved by:_ Allan W. Tulloch, Thesis Advisor Dan C. Boger, d Reader David R.Whpl, imn Deprtmntof Administr ieSciences ABSTRACT The telephone is the most common and widely used electronic communication de- vice in use today. Because of this, the military is heavily reliant on the-telephone system and considers it the-primary voice communications medium. Furthermore, recent tech- nological advances will dramatically change the telephone as we know it today. This thesis will take a comprehensive look at the telephone in today's complex telecommuni- cations environment. It will describe the technical aspects of individual components as well as how the system works as a whole. The divestiture of AT&T will be analyzed, especially the effects it has had on the military. After describing the historical and technical aspects of the telephone system, the thesis will focus its attention on military telephone programs and upgrades being planned to increase telephone capabilities and survivability. DTIT GWY Accesion For 6 NTIS CRAMl UTIC' TAE; U.ann OU.".,c, By .................................. Dist. ibutio- I Avaiiability Co ee- AailM a c.Ioi Dist j Speciai iiiI TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .......... ............................... I II. HISTORY OFTHE TELEPHONE ............................ 3 A. BACKGROUND ..................................... ....... 3 B. ALEXANDER G. BELL INVENTS THE TELEPHONE ............ 3 C. ORIGINS OF THE BELL TELEPHONE COMPANY ............. 5 D. THEODORE VAIL HIRED TO RUN BELL TELEPHONE .......... 6 E. AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH FORMED ........... 8 F. AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH CHANGES STRATEGY 9 G. THE KINGSBURY COMMITMENT ........................... 10 H. THE COMMUNICATIONS ACT OF 1934. REGULATION TAKES A FO OTH O LD ............................... .. .. .... ..... 12 I. THE ANTITRUST SUITS BEGIN .............................. 13 J. THE ROAD TO DIVESTITURE ................................ 14 Il. REGULATION .... , ...... ........... ...... .. ... ...... 18 A. INTRODUCTIONTVREGULATION........................ 18 B. THE REGULATORS .. ......... ........... 18 1. Federal Regulators ....................................... 18 2. State RegulItQrs .. .................... ................. 20 C. LOCAL ACCESS TRANSPORT AREA AND EXTENDED AREA SER- VICE ................................................. 21 D. THE REGULATED ........................................ 23 E. THE REGULATED ......................................... 25 1. Tariffs . 25 2. Rate of Return .......................................... 25 3. Price Level Regulation .................................... 26 4. Minimum Telephone Service Standards ........................ 26 5. Costs ............................................ 27 IV. BASIC TELEPHONE TECHNOLOGY ............................ 29 iv A. NETWORK OVERVIEW ................................. 29 1. Design Considerations ................................. 29 2. Basic Architecture......... e 30 4S 3. Telephone Basics .................................... 30 4. Two Wire and Four Wire Lines ................. .... 32 B. TRANSMISSION ...................................... 33 1. Analog Versus Digital ...... ... .. 33 2. Data and Signals ....... ................ 34 3. Analog Transmissions ................... ....... 36 a. Amplitude Modulation . ... ................ 36 b. Angle Modulation .............. ...... 37 4. Digital Transmission ..... ... .. ............. 38 a. Introduction ... ....... ......... .... ...... .. 38 b. Amplitude Shift Keying . ... ................ 39 c, Frequency Shift Keying ............ , .. ... .... 40 d. Phase Shift Keying ............ ............ 40 e. Bandwidth Efficiency .. ........ ..,.., 40 f. Detection of Digital Transmissions ............ .. 41 5, M ultiplexing ................. .42 6. Conunon Transmission Problenis .............. 44 C, SWITCHING ............................ 45 1. Introduction to Switchir .............................. 45 2. Numbering Plan ..................... .......... 46 3. Switching Centers .................................... 47 4. The Various Switch Generations ................... ...... 48 5. Switch Characteristics ................................. 49 6. Types of Switching ................................... 50 D. CONTROL SIGNALING ....... .......... ................. 51 1. Anatomy of a Simple Call .............................. 51 2. Signaling Tasks ..................................... 52 3. Supervisory and Address Signals .......................... 54 4. Signaling Functions ...................................... 54 5. Functional Areas of Signaling ................................ 55 a. Out-Band Signaling ............... ................... 55 b. In-Band Signaling .................................... 55 V c. Common Channel Signaling .57 6. Private Branch Exchanges, Centrex, and Key Telephone Sets ........ 58 E. MEDIA ........................... ......................... 60 1. Selection of a Medium ................................. 60 2. Determining Bandwidth for a Single Channel , .... ...... 61 3 Twisted Pair ............................................. 61 4. Coaxial Cable ..... .. .. ... ....... 63 5. Fiber Optics .... ........................... .......... 65 6. M icrowave .. .I.. 70 7. Satellites ................................................ 71 8. Submarine Cable ............. .. ...................... 74 9. Digital Media. ... ..................................... 76 10. Cellular Telephone . ... .... ..... ................. 76 V. INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK ................... 85 A. OVERVIEW .............................................. 85 B. STANDARDS AND PROTOCOLS ............................