EXPLORING HONOUR AND SHAME FOR SOUTH ASIAN BRITISH MUSLIM MEN AND WOMEN A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2017 NASREEN MANSOOR School of Environment, Education and Development LIST OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES 9 LIST OF TABLES 9 LIST OF GLOSSARY 11 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 13 ABSTRACT 14 DECLARATION 15 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT 16 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 17 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Chapter Overview 18 1.2 Researcher’s Personal Experience of Honour and Shame 18 1.3 Researcher’s Professional Experience of Working with Honour and 21 Shame Issues 1.4 Researcher’s Academic Interest in Honour and Shame 22 1.5 Reasons for the South Asian Diaspora Selection 22 1.6 Setting the Study into Context Nationally and Internationally 24 1.7 Honour and Shame as a Worldwide Issue 24 1.8 Honour Based Crimes and Killings 26 1.9 Honour and Shame as a UK Issue 27 1.10 Precis of Honour and Shame 29 1.11 Research Process 29 1.12 Research Questions, Aims and Objectives 32 1.13 Researcher Insider/Outsider Positionality and Reflexivity 32 1.14 Reflexivity 40 1.15 Summary 41 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Chapter Overview 42 2 2.2 Literature Review Aim 42 2.3 Literature Review Process 42 2.4 Honour 45 2.4.1 The Definition of Honour 45 2.4.2 Islam and Honour 46 2.4.3 South Asian Culture and Honour 47 2.4.4 Gender and Honour 48 2.4.5 Individual Honour 51 2.4.6 Collective Honour 52 2.4.7 Internal Honour 54 2.4.8 External Honour 54 2.5 Shame 55 2.5.1 The Definition of Shame 55 2.5.2 Islam and Shame 56 2.5.3 South Asian Culture and Shame 56 2.5.4 Modesty 57 2.5.5 Gender and Shame 58 2.5.6 Individual Shame 59 2.5.7 Collective Shame 59 2.5.8 Internal Shame 60 2.5.9 External Shame 61 2.6 Culture 62 2.7 South Asian Culture 63 2.8 South Asian Communities Residing in England 64 2.9 Islam 67 2.9.1 Qur’an, Sunnah and Hadith 67 2.10 Honour Based Violence, Killings and Suicide 68 2.11 South Asian and Muslim Patriarchy 70 2.12 Domestic Abuse 73 2.13 The Duluth Model 74 2.14 Bride Price 77 2.15 Summary of the Literature Review 78 2.16 Reflexivity 80 2.17 Summary 80 3 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Chapter Overview 81 3.2 Researcher Position 81 3.3 Insider Researcher 83 3.4 Epistemological Approach 83 3.5 Ontological Stance 85 3.6 Research Methods 87 3.7 Methods of Data Collection 88 3.8 Quantitative Method Exclusion 88 3.9 Combined Qualitative and Quantitative Method Exclusion 90 3.10 Qualitative Method Inclusion 92 3.11 Types of Interviews 94 3.12 Individual Interviews 94 3.13 Telephone Interviews 95 3.14 Photo Elicitation 96 3.15 Focus Groups 98 3.16 Sample Types 100 3.17 Sample Number 101 3.18 Sample Criteria 103 3.19 Ethical Issues 104 3.20 Resources and Timescale 108 3.21 Participant Selection 110 3.22 Participant Identification 110 3.23 Pre-Interview Meetings 111 3.24 Pilot Studies 111 3.25 Opening and Closing of Interviews 113 3.26 Data Generation Experiences of Individual Interviews 122 3.27 Data Generation Experiences of Photo Elicitation Exercises 123 3.28 Data Generation Experiences of Focus Groups 127 3.29 Data Analysis 128 3.30 Transcriptions 129 3.31 Thematic Analysis 129 3.32 Thematic Analysis Coding 131 4 3.33 Themes 132 3.34 Validity, Reliability and Trustworthiness 135 3.35 Reflexivity 136 3.36 Summary 138 CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS 4.1 Chapter Overview 139 4.2 Thematic Analysis Main Themes, Sub Themes and Codes 140 4.3 Findings Process 145 4.4 HONOUR SECTION: 145 4.5 Main Theme 1: Psychological 145 4.5.1 Sub Theme 1.1: Culture 146 4.5.2 Sub Theme 1.2: Collective 147 4.5.3 Sub Theme 1.3: Ingrained 148 4.5.4 Sub Theme 1.4: Respect, Dignity, Reputation and Status 149 4.6 Main Theme 2: Emotional 150 4.6.1 Sub Theme 2.1: Collective 150 4.6.2 Sub Theme 2.2: Rules and Obligations 151 4.6.3 Sub Theme 2.3: Females Ostracized 152 4.7 Main Theme 3: Physical 152 4.7.1 Sub Theme 3.1: Image 152 4.7.2 Sub Theme 3.2: Status 154 4.7.3 Sub Theme 3.3: Dishonour Consequences 155 4.8 Main Theme 4: Sexual 156 4.8.1 Sub Theme 4.1: Reputation and Status 156 4.8.2 Sub Theme 4.2: Pre/Non Marital Sexual Relationships 157 4.8.3 Sub Theme 4.3: Gender Based Communication Barriers 158 4.9 Main Theme 5: Financial 159 4.9.1 Sub Theme 5.1: Marital Wealth Considerations 159 4.9.2 Sub Theme 5.2: Status 160 4.10 Main Theme 6: Relationships 160 4.10.1 Sub Theme 6.1: Respect, Reputation and Status 160 4.10.2 Sub Theme 6.2: Gender Based Family Dynamics 163 4.10.3 Sub Theme 6.3: Gender Based Family Roles, Responsibilities and 167 5 Obligations 4.10.4 Sub Theme 6.4: Male Control and Abuse 169 4.11 Main Theme 7: Islam 170 4.11.1 Sub Theme 7.1: Culture 171 4.11.2 Sub Theme 7.2: Gender Based Family Dynamics 171 4.11.3 Sub Theme 7.3: Modesty within Islam 172 4.11.4 Sub Theme 7.4: Perceptions of Visible Muslims 173 4.11.5 Sub Theme 7.5: Misinterpretations of the Islamic Faith 174 4.11.6 Sub Theme 7.6: Educational Teaching of Islamic Principles 176 Recommendations 4.11.7 Sub Theme 7.7: Changing Behaviour and Mindsets 177 4.12 SHAME SECTION: 178 4.13 Main Theme 1: Psychological 184 4.13.1 Sub Theme 1.1: Culture 184 4.13.2 Sub Theme 1.2: Rules, Respect and Stigma 185 4.13.3 Sub Theme 1.3: Control and Abuse 186 4.14 Main Theme 2: Emotional 187 4.14.1 Sub Theme 2.1: Secrecy 187 4.14.2 Sub Theme 2.2: Individual and Collective Expectations and Damage 188 4.14.3 Sub Theme 2.3: Loss and Pain 190 4.15 Main Theme 3: Physical 191 4.15.1 Sub Theme 3.1: Female Image 191 4.15.2 Sub Theme 3.2: Abuse 192 4.15.3 Sub Theme 3.3: Family Members Murdering Female Relatives 193 4.16 Main Theme 4: Sexual 194 4.16.1 Sub Theme 4.1: Dirty 194 4.16.2 Sub Theme 4.2: Pre/Non Marital Sexual Relationships and 195 Homosexuality 4.16.3 Sub Theme 4.3: Secrecy 197 4.16.4 Sub Theme 4.4: Consequences 198 4.17 Main Theme 5: Financial 200 4.17.1 Sub Theme 5.1: Status 200 4.18 Main Theme 6: Relationships 200 4.18.1 Sub Theme 6.1: Gender Based Family Dynamics 201 4.18.2 Sub Theme 6.2: Reputation, Disgrace and Damage Consequences 202 6 4.18.3 Sub Theme 6.3: Gender Based Family Roles, Responsibilities and 203 Obligations 4.18.4 Sub Theme 6.4: Image and Decorum 204 4.18.5 Sub Theme 6.5: Control and Abuse 206 4.19 Main Theme 7: Islam 207 4.19.1 Sub Theme 7.1: Misinterpretations of the Islamic Faith 208 4.19.2 Sub Theme 7.2: Mercy for Muslims 210 4.19.3 Sub Theme 7.3: Covert and Overt Perpetuation of un-Islamic 211 Practices by Religious Leaders 4.19.4 Sub Theme 7.4: Mechanisms for Implementing Positive Change 212 4.20 Reflexivity 213 4.21 Summary 214 CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION 5.1 Chapter Overview 215 5.2 Sociological Theories 216 5.3 Patriarchy 216 5.4 Definition and Concept of Honour 221 5.4.1 Psychological Honour 222 5.4.2 Emotional Honour 222 5.4.3 Physical Honour 224 5.4.4 Sexual Honour 225 5.4.5 Financial honour 226 5.4.6 Relationships and Honour 227 5.4.7 Consequences of Honour 230 5.5 Definition and Concept of Shame 231 5.5.1 Psychological Shame 232 5.5.2 Emotional Shame 233 5.5.3 Physical Shame 234 5.5.4 Sexual Shame 235 5.5.5 Financial Shame 236 5.5.6 Relationships and Shame 237 5.5.7 Consequences of Shame 239 5.6 Female Status 240 5.7 Islam 244 7 5.8 Modesty 249 5.9 Male Homosexuality 251 5.10 Emasculation 251 5.11 Not Alienating South Asian British Muslims 253 5.12 Original Contribution to Knowledge 256 5.12.1 Honour 256 5.12.2 Shame 257 5.12.3 Research Dynamics 258 5.13 Surprises 261 5.14 Imam’s Withdrawal 264 5.15 Research Methodology Critique 265 5.16 Learning 266 5.17 Reflexivity 267 5.18 Summary 268 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 6.1 Chapter Overview 269 6.2 Honour 269 6.3 Shame 270 6.4 Patriarchy 271 6.5 Contribution to Practice 272 6.6 Contribution to Training 277 6.7 Future Challenges 280 6.8 Positive Ways Forward 281 6.9 The Duluth Model 283 6.10 Future Research Recommendations 284 6.11 Reflexivity 285 6.12 Summary 286 CHAPTER 7 REFERENCES 287 APPENDICES 1 Feminisms 324 2 Honour and Shame Spider Diagram 328 8 3 Power and Control Wheel 329 4 Equality Wheel 330 5 Participant Information Sheet 331 6 Participant Informed Consent Form 333 7 Local Telephone Helpline Numbers 335 8 National Telephone Helpline Numbers 336 9 Evidence of Research Journal 337 10 PhD Research Schedule 338 11 Letter to Professionals regarding PhD Study 339 12 Research Flyers 340 13 Mind Map 341 14 Images of Main Study Photo Elicitation Exercise 342 15 Interview Schedule for Individual Interviews, Photo Elicitation and 346 Focus Groups 16 Nasreen Mansoor’s (2015a) Book Chapter ‘The Concept of Honour 348 and Shame for South Asian British Muslim Men and Women 17 Photo Elicitation Pilot Study Narratives of the Images 362 18 Nasreen Mansoor’s (2015b) Book Chapter ‘Honour and Shame: 363 Through the Eyes of South Asian British Muslim Women and Men’ 19 Photo Elicitation Main Study Narratives of the Images 378 20 Thematic Analysis Codes 379 21 Thematic Analysis Main Themes, Sub Themes and Codes on Flip 380 Chart Paper 22 Samples of Thematic Analysis Process on Seven Transcripts 384 23 Images of Pilot Photo Elicitation Exercise 391 LIST OF FIGURES 1 Honour and Shame: Two Sides of the Same Coin 139 LIST OF TABLES 1 Research Questions, Methods and Purpose of Triangulation 115 2 Pilot Study Photo Elicitation and Pilot Focus Group Research 116 Participants’ Demographic Information 3 Individual Pilot Study Research Participants’ Demographic 117 Information 4 Participants’ Demographic Information for the Main Study 118 5 Original Thematic Analysis Seven Main Themes 132 9 6 Honour Main and Sub Themes Identified from the Participants’ 140 Language 7 Thematic Analysis of Honour Main Themes, Sub Themes and 142 Codes Identification