Graphic Poe: Classics Illustrated Adaptations of Edgar Allan Poe Master's Thesis North American Studies Anastasia Vlasyuk s4444507 Supervisor Dr. Mathilde Roza Radboud University Nijmegen 2015 Vlasyuk s4444507 II ENGELSE TAAL EN CULTUUR Teacher who will receive this document: Dr. Mathilde Roza, Dr. László Munteán Title of document: The MA thesis Name of course: Master Thesis Date of submission: 15.08.2015 The work submitted here is the sole responsibility of the undersigned, who has neither committed plagiarism nor colluded in its production. Signed Name of student: Anastasia Vlasyuk Student number:s4444507 Vlasyuk s4444507 III Acknowledgements I wish to express gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Mathilde Roza for her guidance, useful comments and insightful remarks which helped me during my research. Besides my supervisor, I would like to thank my second reader Dr. László Munteán for his useful advice and support. I am also grateful to Dr. Frank Mehring for the organization of the Spring Academy which provided various perspectives for my research. I am extremely thankful to my family for giving me the opportunity to study at Radboud University and supporting me throughout writing this thesis. Vlasyuk s4444507 IV Abstract The aim of this thesis is to define how transfer from the original writing of Edgar Allan Poe into a comic book can harm or complement the source. The Classics Illustrated adaptations of the original short stories and poems by Poe were used as a case study in this thesis. Currently more than two hundred comic book adaptations of Poe's writing exist. The number of scholarly works that study those specific adaptations however, remains very limited. This thesis attempts to partially fill that void. This thesis first presents the taxonomy of the comics medium which is necessary for a further work on comic book adaptations. In the Second and the Third Chapters the original and modern comic book adaptations of Poe's works are analyzed and compared when applicable. This analysis reveals important aspects of transmediation of the classic literature into a comic book which can potentially harm or complement the source. Those aspects can either amplify and enhance the original message of the source, or oversimplify it. The results also show that the development of the comics medium in general brought an improvement in quality of comic book adaptations. However, it is worth noting that both the original and the modern series contain successful and unsuccessful adaptations. Key words: comic book adaptation, Edgar Allan Poe, Classics Illustrated , Adaptation Studies, transmediation, Comics Studies Vlasyuk s4444507 V Table of Contents Title Page ____________________________________________________________I Essay Cover Sheet____________________________________________________II Acknowledgements___________________________________________________III Abstract and Key Words_______________________________________________IV Table of Contents_____________________________________________________V Introduction__________________________________________________________1 Chapter 1. Defining Taxonomy___________________________________________8 1.1 Comic Strips, Comic Books and Graphic Novels__________________________8 1.2 Specific Components of the Comics Medium_____________________________9 Chapter 2. The Original Classics Illustrated Series Adaptations of Poe__________13 2.1 The First Adaptations of Poe in the Classic Illustrated Series_______________16 2.2 Mysteries by Edgar Allan Poe ________________________________________21 2.3 The Gold Bug and Other Stories by Edgar Allan Poe ______________________26 2.4 Conclusion_______________________________________________________31 Chapter 3. The Modern Classics Illustrated Series Adaptations of Poe___________33 3.1 The Raven and Other Poems _________________________________________35 3.2 The Fall of the House of Usher _______________________________________37 3.3 The Murders in the Rue Morgue and Other Tales by Edgar Allan Poe ________41 3.4 Conclusion_______________________________________________________48 Conclusion__________________________________________________________50 Works Cited_________________________________________________________54 Vlasyuk s4444507 1 Introduction "Edgar Allan Poe...was the father of the detective tale, and...I fail to see how his followers can find any fresh ground which they can confidently call their own" Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Preface to Adventures of Sherlock Holmes Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's words can make creators of innumerable Edgar Allan Poe adaptations feel uncomfortable at best. Even if the author of Sherlock Holmes considered himself to be no more than an imitator, how can they claim their works to be something more than a simplified copy? Especially if the medium that they use is a comic book, which originally was considered to be "pure junk" (Chute 452). However, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's words are slightly misguiding. His works and characters are no less famous than the works of Edgar Allan Poe. And, in fact, Poe also used adaptation in his works as he was often inspired by "pop-culture genres and sensational current events" (Perry, Sederholm 3). Moreover, some critics very straightforwardly call him a plagiarizer (Kaplan 45). However, his importance for American literature is undeniable. Poe's strong "connection to the contemporary [American] popular culture" (Perry, Sederholm 1) is also very significant. Edgar Allan Poe was born in 1809 and from the very beginning his life was very uneasy. His father left the family when Poe was two years old and his mother died a year later. An orphaned Poe was adopted by a family from Richmond, Virginia. Edgar did not manage to establish a good relationship with his new family, because they "provided rather material comfort than attention and warmth" (Silverman 1). Poe was a talented student, especially learning languages like Latin and French. He even joined the University of Virginia, but left after the first year of study because of its "dissolute atmosphere" (2). After leaving the University he joined the United States Army in Boston and received "the highest possible rank for noncommissioned officer" (2), Sergeant Major. He even tried to proceed with his service in West Point, where his step father helped him to enter (they shortly reunited after the death of Poe's step-mother). However, he left West Point shortly after the remarriage of his step-father, who decided to break off all relations with Poe. After that he started to live with his aunt, Marie Clemm, and her daughter, Virginia. Edgar fell in love with his cousin and they got married, even though Virginia was "barely Vlasyuk s4444507 2 past the age of thirteen" (3). After the marriage the family moved to Philadelphia and Poe started to work for literary magazines. At the same time he was working on his own writing and wrote The Fall of the House of Usher , The Gold-Bug , The Murders in the Rue Morgue and others. Even though Poe became quite popular, especially after publication of The Raven , he "barely scratched out a living from his writing" (4). The situation was heavily intensified by his addiction to alcohol and the mortal disease of his beloved wife. Virginia had been struggling with tuberculosis for several years, but did not manage to fight it and died in 1847. After Virginia's death Edgar Allan Poe was involved in relationships with several women, as he presumably was trying "frantically to stabilize himself by remarrying" (5). Poe's mental instability was severely intensified by alcohol and drug addiction. Nevertheless, Poe managed to engage himself to Elmira Shelton, "whom he had courted during his adolescence" (5). Unfortunately, their marriage was never meant to happen because of Poe's untimely death. The circumstances of Poe's death are surrounded with mysteries. The only thing which is known for certain, is that he left Richmond on the 27 th of September 1849. On the 3 rd of October he was found in Baltimore in an unconscious state and was delivered to hospital, where he died on the 7 th of October 1840. What had happened between the 27 th of September and 3 rd of October stayed unclear, as during his last days in hospital Poe was delirious and could not explain what happened to him. The story of Poe's life is tragic and mysterious. However, his contribution to American literature in general and to the establishment of such literary genres as detective and horror fiction is widely acknowledged. For example, the famous horror writer, Howard Phillips Lovecraft, stated that the "bizarre conceptions, so awkward in unskillful hands, become under Poe's spell living and convincing terrors to haunt our nights; and all because the author understood so perfectly the very mechanics and psychology of fear and strangeness" (58). Interestingly enough, another strong part of Poe's writing was the ability of the author to collect the ideas from various sources and remake them into new and popular stories. For example, The Fall of the House of Usher "re-imagines elements from specific texts such as Hoffmann's 'Das Majorat,' Warren's 'Thunder-Struck,' and Clauren's The Robber's Castle ,1 as well as a broader array of gothic tropes" (Perry, Sederholm 4). In his articles and short stories Poe also used popular themes, which were circulating in the newspapers of the time: "balloon 1 This texts are the examples of classic Gothic literature. Vlasyuk s4444507 3 travel ("The Balloon Hoax"), unwrapping mummies ("Some Words with a Mummy"), lionizing military