Nóra Teller Trapped in One’s Own Housing The Limitations of Housing Choices in Segregated Neighborhoods Corvinus University of Budapest Institute of Sociology and Social Policy Supervisor: József Hegedüs, PhD © Teller Nóra 2 Corvinus University of Budapest Doctoral School of Sociology Trapped in One’s Own Housing The Limitations of Housing Choices in Segregated Roma Neighborhoods PhD Thesis Nóra Teller Budapest, 2020 3 4 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................... 5 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................... 7 LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................. 7 LIST OF VISUALS .............................................................................................................................. 8 LIST OF MAPS .................................................................................................................................... 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................... 10 1 INTRODUCTION: THE RESEARCH RATIONALE ................................................................ 11 2 RESEARCH THEMES ................................................................................................................... 17 3 ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH METHODS .............................................. 21 3.1 THE FRAMING CONCEPT: ANALYTICAL SOCIOLOGY ................................................................ 21 3.2 ROMA – CONSTRUCTION OF A TARGET RESEARCH GROUP ....................................................... 23 3.3 METHODS ............................................................................................................................... 26 4 FIRST PERSPECTIVE: RECONCEPTUALIZING THE LINKS BETWEEN SPATIAL SEGREGATION AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY ............................................................................ 33 4.1 BACKGROUND: THEORIES OF SEGREGATION ........................................................................... 34 4.2 SEGREGATION MECHANISMS AT WORK ................................................................................... 45 4.3 INEQUALITY AND HOUSING SEGREGATION OF ROMA IN HUNGARY ......................................... 51 4.3.1 External features .......................................................................................................... 51 4.3.2 Internal features ........................................................................................................... 68 4.4 REVISITING THE FIRST PERSPECTIVE ....................................................................................... 75 5 SECOND PERSPECTIVE: HOUSING CHOICE AND ADJUSTMENT ................................. 77 5.1 BACKGROUND: HOUSING MOBILITY AND ADJUSTMENT THEORIES .......................................... 78 5.2 A LIFE-COURSE-BASED ANALYTICAL MODEL OF THE HOUSING MOBILITY OF ROMA IN SEGREGATED NEIGHBORHOODS ........................................................................................................ 88 5.3 CONSTRAINED HOUSING CHOICES AND ADAPTATION PATTERNS IN ROMA NEIGHBORHOODS IN HUNGARY ........................................................................................................................................ 92 5.4 REVISITING THE SECOND PERSPECTIVE ................................................................................. 117 6 THIRD PERSPECTIVE: INTERVENTIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS .................. 120 6.1 LESSONS FROM THE FIELD: HOUSING INTERVENTIONS AND MOBILITY PATHWAYS ................ 125 6.2 MODELLING SEGREGATION PATTERNS .................................................................................. 133 5 6.3 REVISITING THE THIRD PERSPECTIVE ..................................................................................... 146 7 SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... 147 8 ANNEXES ....................................................................................................................................... 164 8.1 ANNEX 1. LIST OF FIELDWORK-RELATED PROJECTS ............................................................... 164 8.2 ANNEX 2. DOWNWARD MOBILITY IN THE LOGIT MODEL ....................................................... 169 8.3 ANNEX 3. THE NETLOGO MODEL OF SEGREGATION-CONTEXTUALISED DECLINE ................... 175 8.4 ANNEX 4. EXPERIMENT RUN IN NETLOGO BEHAVIORSPACE ................................................. 178 9 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 179 10 THE AUTHOR’S PUBLICATIONS ON THE TOPIC ....................................................... 201 6 List of Tables Table 1. Theoretical developments in segregation analysis ....................................... 34 Table 2. Selected housing indicators of living conditions in Hungary for the general population and for Roma ............................................................................................ 58 Table 3. Share of upward and downward movers within age cohorts, total population .................................................................................................................................... 96 Table 4. Differences in upward moving patterns in general vs. those of population prompted by triggers for leaving the Roma neighborhood (selected triggers according to age group) ............................................................................................................ 108 Table 5. Constraints in relation to upward and downward mobility – LOGIT model .................................................................................................................................. 113 Table 6. Set parameter values of the model and its corresponding situation in the “real” world ........................................................................................................................ 140 List of Figures Figure 1. Social exclusion indicators for Roma and non-Roma (%), (2014-7) ......... 54 Figure 2. Gap between Roma and non-Roma according to social inclusion indicators (%) (2014-7) ............................................................................................................... 55 Figure 3. Average purchase price of a second-hand home in two SW and three NE counties as a proportion of Budapest and average prices (2003-18) (%) .................. 61 Figure 4. Reasons for moving, HCSO 2015 Housing survey, all households (% of respondents mentioning) ............................................................................................ 94 Figure 5. Change in market value of housing - all movers according to age ............. 96 Figure 6. Deprived and non-deprived households’ mobility channels (as % of total moving population) .................................................................................................... 98 7 Figure 7. Primary motivation for moving up or down according to age group of movers .................................................................................................................................... 99 Figure 8. Distribution of triggers according to upwardly and downwardly mobile households, in six age groups ................................................................................... 101 Figure 9. Share of households living in segregated Roma neighborhoods (as % of all respondents) ............................................................................................................. 103 Figure 10. Share of population with distinct mobility pathways within the Roma population (as % of respondents) ............................................................................. 104 Figure 11. Share of upward and downward moves within the general population (2015) and Roma (2011) (as % of population) .................................................................... 105 Figure 12. Primary motivation for changing housing according to mobility direction and age group (BCE 2011 Roma survey) ................................................................. 107 Figure 13. Triggers for upwards and downward mobility in comparison, total and Roma population ...................................................................................................... 110 List of Visuals Visual 1. Contextual-level analytical model: components in interaction ................... 48 Visual 2. Analytical frameworks of housing mobility ............................................... 82 Visual 3. A life-course-based analytical model of housing adaptation at the micro-level .................................................................................................................................... 89 Visual 4. The concept of the agent-based micro-model of decline .......................... 137 Visual 5.Outcomes of the empirically recalibrated and extended Netlogo model ... 142 8 List of Maps Map 1. Change in share of Roma population between 2001 and 2011 (%)............... 52 Map 2. Location of socially segregated neighborhoods in Hungary ......................... 53 Map 3. Average purchase price of second-hand dwellings (m. HUF) (2016)