TAXON: Bromus catharticus SCORE: 19.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Bromus catharticus Family: Poaceae Common Name(s): grazing brome Synonym(s): Bromus unioloides Raspail prairie grass Bromus willdenowii Kunth rescue grass Festuca unioloides Willd. Schrader's bromegrass Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 25 Sep 2015 WRA Score: 19.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Annual Grass, Short-lived Perennial, Naturalized, Environmental Weed, Forage Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems Creation Date: 25 Sep 2015 (Bromus catharticus) Page 1 of 17 TAXON: Bromus catharticus SCORE: 19.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 y 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 1 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 y growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 n 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 y 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 y 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 y yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 25 Sep 2015 (Bromus catharticus) Page 2 of 17 TAXON: Bromus catharticus SCORE: 19.0 RATING: High Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [Assessment of wild type occurring in Hawaiian Islands. Unknown if Jacobs, S.W.L. & Everett, J.(eds.). 2000. Grasses: commercial varieties has been domesticated to the degree that Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, invasiveness is reduced] 'It is well known natural pasture grass and Australia several commercial varieties are cultivated as winter forage." Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, No evidence of domestication and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2015. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2015. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native: SOUTHERN AMERICA Northern South America: Venezuela - Federal District, Lara, Merida Brazil: Brazil - Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. 2015. Western South America: Bolivia - Cochabamba, La Paz, Oruro, Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) Potosi; Colombia - Antioquia, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Narino, Norte [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources de Santander; Ecuador; Peru Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars- Southern South America: Argentina - Buenos Aires, Catamarca, grin.gov/. [Accessed 23 Sep 2015] Chaco, Chubut, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Tucuman; Chile - Antofagasta, Coquimbo, Santiago; Paraguay; Uruguay" 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. 2015. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars- grin.gov/. [Accessed 23 Sep 2015] Creation Date: 25 Sep 2015 (Bromus catharticus) Page 3 of 17 TAXON: Bromus catharticus SCORE: 19.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes White, Mi.R. (ed.). 2013. Invasive Plants and Weeds of the "Rescuegrass is able to survive in a variety of different habitats and National Forests and Grasslands in the Southwestern can tolerate cold temperatures and drought conditions. These Region. Second Edition. USDA Forest Service, characteristics make it difficult to manage." Southwestern Region, Apache-Sitgreaves National Forests Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of [Elevation range exceeds 2000 m, demonstrating environmental the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University versatility] "in Hawai'i naturalized and common in pastures, open of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. areas, and along trails and roadsides, 300-3,050 m," Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "Native: SOUTHERN AMERICA Northern South America: Venezuela - Federal District, Lara, Merida Brazil: Brazil - Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. 2015. Western South America: Bolivia - Cochabamba, La Paz, Oruro, Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) Potosi; Colombia - Antioquia, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Narino, Norte [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources de Santander; Ecuador; Peru Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars- Southern South America: Argentina - Buenos Aires, Catamarca, grin.gov/. [Accessed 23 Sep 2015] Chaco, Chubut, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Tucuman; Chile - Antofagasta, Coquimbo, Santiago; Paraguay; Uruguay" Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes White, Mi.R. (ed.). 2013. Invasive Plants and Weeds of the National Forests and Grasslands in the Southwestern "Native to South America; rescuegrass has been widely introduced Region. Second Edition. USDA Forest Service, into the southern half of the U.S. as a forage crop." Southwestern Region, Apache-Sitgreaves National Forests Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, "weed species widely naturalized elsewhere" and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes "A widely naturalised species that is very abundant in the south- eastern parts of Australia. It is most common and widespread in Queensland Government. 2011. Weeds of Australia - Victoria, New South Wales, ACT and south-eastern Queensland. Bromus catharticus. Relatively common in the southern regions of Western Australia, in http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/03030800- south-eastern South Australia and in Tasmania. Present in some 0b07-490a-8d04- parts of the Northern Territory and in other parts of Queensland, 0605030c0f01/media/Html/Bromus_catharticus.htm. South Australia and Western Australia. Also naturalised on Lord [Accessed 23 Sep 2015] Howe Island and Norfolk Island, and widely naturalised in other parts of the world (e.g. New Zealand, USA, Hawaii and La R union)." Creation Date: 25 Sep 2015 (Bromus catharticus) Page 4 of 17 TAXON: Bromus catharticus SCORE: 19.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer "Native to South America; in Hawai'i naturalized and common in Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of pastures, open areas, and along trails and roadsides, 300-3,050 m, the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University on Midway Atoll, O'ahu, Moloka'i, Maui, and Hawai'i. First collected of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. on Moloka'i in 1909 (Rock s.n., BISH).-" "Naturalized and common in Hawaii on the islands of Midway Atoll, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999a: 1508; Oppenheimer, H. 2008.