l'llAl lllAL MANUAL UI WA'ilLWA IUll I lllMltJ lllY pro<lu ing a truly curvc<l slope (which the graphing prm;edurc attempts to fore(.) into a straightc line). If the sample to be tested is out of range of the standard concentrations normally used forthe test, it is better to dilute the sample than to raise the standard concentrations. • Solids Solids in water are defined as any matter that remains as residue upon evaporation and drying at 103 degrees Celsius. They are separated into two classes: suspended and dissolved. Total Solids = Suspended Solids + Dissolved Solids ( nonfil terable residue) (filterable residue) Each of these has Volatile (organic) and Fixed (inorganic) components which can be separated by burning in a muffle furnace at 550 degrees Celsius. The organic components are converted to carbon dioxide and water, and the ash is left. Weight of the volatile solids can be calculated by subtracting the ash weight from the total dry weight of the solids. DOMESTIC WASTEWATER t 999,000 mg/L Total Solids 1,000 mg/L 41 •! :/.========== l 'l\AI lltAI MANUAi tJ I WA llWAlll\tt!I MI 11\Y •I Total Suspended Solids/Volatile Solids treatment (adequate aeration, proper F/M & MCRT, good return wasting rates) , and the settling capacity of the secondary sludge. Excessivl:and The Total Suspended Solids test is extremely valuable in the analysis of polluted suspended solids in final effluent will adversely affect disinfection capacity . waters. It is one of the two parameters which has federal discharge limits at 30 Volatile component of final effluent suspended solids is also monitored. A ppm through enforcement of the Clean Water Act. Solids are removed throughout low volatile percentage may indicate hydraulic overload. High volatile the treatment plant to prevent excessive solids discharge to the receiving stream, percentage may indicate an unusual industrial input and may indicate a which would contribute to lowering of dissolved oxygen available to life in the higher BOD reading; comparison must be made with other wastewater test water, and to eutrophication of the stream. results to determine the problem. Expected Total Suspended Solids: Treatment Plant Significance Raw Domestic Wa stewaters: 200-400 ppm (60-80% Volatile) Wa stewater Secondary Effi uents: < 30 ppm (60-80% Volatile) Solids determinations are very important in evaluating the performance of wastewater treatment plants, and in controlling the processes in the plant. Total Suspended Solids is performed most often on Raw Wastewater, Primary Effluent, Treatment Plant Control and Final Effluent-at secondary treatment processes. A composite sample is taken for the test. Problem: Higher than normal Total Suspended Solids concentration in final effluent Raw Wastewater: Entering the treatment plant, due to water velocity , all particulate solids are suspended. Their concentration in the water Test This Possible Cause Sample Also For Other Checks determines design of process units, degree of treatment needed, and indicates changes in influent water quality. The volatile content of these Industrial high COD, Tot.Phos., IPP records suspended solids relates to the efficiency of pretreatment units, and indicates strength input NH3-N, DO Previous Operating Reports changes in the amount of organic content of the incoming wastewater. It Contact contributing industries will influence percent removals and control of secondary treatment, Raw & Prim.effluent COD, Tot.Phos., NH3-N, TSS/VS, DO frequency of primary sludge pumping, and the efficiency of the anaerobic Primary sludge pumping rate, frequency digester. DO, blower use in biological unit Sec.sludge blanket level Primary Effluent: Total Suspended Solids concentration of this water determines the load on secondary, and relates to the efficiency of primary Industrial toxic COD, NH3-N, DO Plant operating records shock Contact contributing industries treatment. Frequency and duration of primary sludge pumping will have a Raw pH, color, odor significant effect on the suspended solids content of the primary effluent. DO, blower use in biological unit Volatile content of suspended solids in primary effluent is composed of the Biomass microscopic examination particulate organic compounds that will be used directly by the organisms Floe formation in secondary for growth, to be removed through biological adsorption, and Settleability of secondary sludge Sludge TS cone .. blanket level then absorption into the bacterial cell. It will determine the bacterial growth rate, and effect aeration and mixed liquor concentration. lnplant recycle COD, Tot.Phos., Recycle flow records Return and waste activated sludge pumping rates will be affected. Non­ input NH3-N, DO Recycle COD, Tot.Phos., NH3-N, TSS/VS, TS volatile particulates will also be adsorbed by the biomass, and separated from Plant flow records the water, but these do not aid in bacterial growth. DO biological unit Sec.sludge blanket level Effluent: This suspended solids test is most important, for it Final.determines NPDES permit compliance. Total suspended solids concentration of final effluent will depend on the efficiency of secondary •l•l l'llAl II(.:AL MANUAi UI W All II WA Ml' I llY llOLIUO 1111 I 111 fHt lhl1 Don't allow the muffle furnace go over 550 degrees Celsius. f>o11lble CauH Stutiplu Al•o l'or Othor Chook11 Components in the fi lter paper may ignite; some inorganics in the sample Hydraulic COD, Tot.Phos., Plant flow records may burn. At higher temperatures, some inorganics may burn. overload NH3-N, DO Influent water temp. • Do not open the furnace door after a sample has been placed in there for Rew & Prim.Eff. COD, Tot.Phos., NHrN. ignition. The extra oxygen that enters when the door is opened may TSS/VS, DO ignite it so forcefully that the sample gets blown out of the crucible. Prim.sludge TS cone. Sec.sludge blanket level, TS cone. Apparatus: lnplent operational COD, Tot.Phos., Coagulant feed rate, cone., type • drying oven control problem NH3-N, DO Jar Test • muffle furnace Chemical feed pump operation • Gooch crucibles Prim.sludge TS cone. • desiccator Prim.Eff. TSS cone. Sludge pumping frequency • glass fiber filters Mechanical: sludge collector • source of vacuum Mixed liquor cone. • filtering flask DO in biological unit • tongs Mixing in biological unit Sludge TS cone., blanket level Biomass microscopic examination Procedure: F/M ratio, MCRT, RAS rate, hydraulic lo'ading 1. Insert filter with rough side up in Gooch crucible. Rinse filter with distilled water, applying vacuum to seat. QC procedures Incorrect analysis 2. Dry filter Gooch at 103 deg.C for 1 hr. Refer to Standard Methods Burn in muffle& furnace for 15 minutes. Cool in desiccator. 3. Weigh Gooch/filter to the nearest mg.(tare weight) Analysis: Total Suspended Solids/Volatile Solids 4. Mix sample well so that aliquot used has a representative amount of solids. Transfer quantitatively; filter a known volume of sample (it is Quality Control: best to use the largest volume possible that will not blind the filter). • Mix the sample well; pour aliquot before it gets a chance to settle. Use 5. Dry in 103 deg.C oven for 1 hour. Cool in desiccator. Weigh again (dry graduated cylinder to measure sample volume. Transfer quantitatively weight). to Gooch Crucible (wash out any particles that are stuck on the inner 6. Burn in muffle furnace for 15 minutes (550 deg.C). Cool in desiccator. walls of the cylinder). If large, uncharacteristic pieces are in the sample, Weigh again (ashed weight) . remove them. 7. Calculate: • Be sure the analytical balance has been calibrated to standard weights - g) recently. Weights to the milligram are necessary. = dryweig ht(mg) - tare weight(m TSS (mg/L) x 1000 • Do not handle solids sample ceramics with fingers. Use tongs. ml. sample • Weigh only room temperature samples; allow warm samples to cool in = ashed weig - weig t(mg) a desiccator. Fixed Solids (mg/L) ht(mg) tare h x 1000 ml. sample • To troubleshoot weight discrepancies, run a blank, using distilled water, along with the samples. Volatile Solids (mg/L) = TSS (mg/L) - Fixed Solids (mg/L) • As per Standard Methods, periodically dry, cool, weigh repeatedly till weight is constant. In this way, proper drying time can be established. = Volatile Solids Cmg/L) • Oven and furnace drying and burning temperatures are critical. A % Volatile Solids x 100 TSS (mg/L) calibrated thermometer should be permanently set into the drying oven. Periodically it should be checked with another calibrated thermometer. ='f'-"'11._.At II< Al MANIJAL tJI WA'• ll WAI 11 l Ill Ml' 11\Y •I I ,_,_•IO"============ OllUt Mixed Liquor Total Suspended Solids Teet Thie Po11lble Cause Sample Aleo For Other Checks This is similar to the Total Suspended Solids test done on influent and effluent Industrial DO, pH Raw pH wastewaters; it is done routinely on mixed liquor and activated sludge at an toxic shock microscopic exam Floe formation Activated Sludge Treatment Plant. Normally, Total Solids tests are done on Settleability of Sec. sludge sludges, but this is a less concentrated sludge, and the weight of the dissolved substances in it may be significant, so it is tested for solids in the same way as a lnplant recycle DO, TS Recycle flow records input Recycle COD, Tot.Phos., NH3·N, TSSNS. TS. wastewater sample is. Plant flow records Sludge blanket level Treatment Plant Significance Hydraulic DO, TS Plant flow records overload Influent water temp. Raw & Prim.Eff. COD, Tot.Phos., NH3·N, The results of this analysis represents the weight of the organisms in the aeration TSS/VS, DO tank, the bacteria which remove the organic wastes from the water. These bacteria Prim.sludge TS cone. are settled out in the secondary clarifier and called Activated Sludge. Continually, Sludge blanket level some portion of this sludge is recycled back to aeration (Return Activated Sludge), Sludge TS cone.