Study on Radio Frequency Communication Blackout Environments for a Small Deep Space Probe During an Atmospheric Re-entry 著者 Bendoukha Sidi Ahmed その他のタイトル 大気圏再突入時における超小型宇宙機の電波通信ブ ラックアウト環境に関する研究 学位授与年度 平成29年度 学位授与番号 17104甲工第446号 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10228/00006705 STUDY ON RADIO FREQUENCY COMMUNICATION BLACKOUT ENVIRONMENTS FOR A SMALL DEEP SPACE PROBE DURING AN ATMOSPHERIC RE-ENTRY By Sidi Ahmed BENDOUKHA Applied Sciences for Integrated System Engineering Laboratory of Spacecraft Environment Interaction Engineering Kyushu Institute of Technology This dissertation is submitted for the degree PhD in Engineering 09/2014 _ 09/ 2017 Doctoral Committee: Prof. Okuyama Kei-ichi (Main Advisor) Prof. Cho Mengu Prof. Toyoda Kazuhiro Prof. Akahoshi Yasuhiro Prof. Kenichi Asami “Success is not final, failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that counts.” By - Winston S. Churchill - Sidi Ahmed BENDOUKHA All Rights Reserved © 2017 DEDICATION To my beautiful spouse. IMENE, And My son. ANAS, Without their support, no one of this labours would have been possible ii AKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere appreciation and thanks to my supervisor Professor KEI- ICHI OKUYAMA, you have been a tremendous mentor for me. I would like to thank you for encouraging my research and for allowing me to grow as a research scientist. Your advice on both research as well as on my career have been priceless. I would also like to thank my committee members, Professor CHO MENGU, Professor TOYODA KAZUHIRO, Professor AKAHOSHI YASUHIRO, and Professor KENECHI ASAMI for serving as my committee members even at hardship. I also want to thank you for letting my mid-term evaluation and final defence be an enjoyable moment, and for your brilliant comments and suggestions, thanks so much to you. I would especially like to thank all members: Okuyama Lab members (Post Docs, Doctors, Masters, and Bachelors) and Horyu4 member of LaSEINE (Laboratory of Spacecraft Environment Interaction Engineering) in the department of applied sciences and integrated system Engineering of Kyushu Institute of Technology (Kitakyushu, Japan). All of you have been there to support and help me to accomplish my doctoral study when I started my research. The work was partially supported by using some facilities. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Senior TAKAYUKI SHIMODA, Mr NAGAI who guide me during my experiments using the facilities of Institute of Space and Aeronautical Sciences, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ISAS/JAXA at Kanagawa prefecture (Japan) and many thanks to Mr NAGATA by using also the facilities of Japan Ultra High Temperature Material Centre of Gifu prefecture (JUTEM, Japan) for their support during my doctoral work. Without their support, we will still have no solution to solve communication blackout phenomena. I would like to thanks Professor MASANORI NISHIO who help me during end to end test flight model of Shinen2 deep Space probe developed by Kyushu Institute of Technology in collaboration of Kagoshima University. I am grateful to Professor PREM-KUMAR SAGANTI (Prairie View A&M University) who advise me and worked together, when we tested the payload of Shinen2 Deep Space Probe and I would like to thank Professor, DOUG HOLLAND (Johnson Space Centre-Houston, USA) that offer us this payload. A Lot of thanks especially Dr Werner Balogh to the UNOOSA United Nations Office Outer Space Affairs in Austria, which offer me Japan Long-Term Fellowship Program 2014 till 2017 for Post-graduate study on Nano-Satellite Technologies (PNST) in collaboration with my Algerian Space Agency ASAL and Kyushu Institute of Technology. A special thanks to my family. Words cannot express how grateful I am to my Parents, brothers, Sisters and Parents in-law, for all of the sacrifices that you’ve made on my behalf. Your prayer to Allah for me was what sustained me thus far. I would also like to thank all of my Muslim friends (Professor Yasser, Dr .Yahia, El-Hady, Emad, Ibrahim, Gaber, Hisham, Tamer, Rahmi, iii Fathin, …) who respondents for the support, willingness and enchanted me to strive towards my goal. The participants of Okuyama laboratory (Kajihara, Szasz Bianca, Bui Nam Duong, Tran Cong Duong, Kevin Marriete, Alek, David, Isai, Kuroiwa, Yoshio, Iwanaga, Mashima, Fuji, Miyoshi, Yamanouchi, Matsumoto, Matsuoka, Kawauchi, Hiraoka, Urakami, Yamagata, Hatanaka, Miyazaki, and all the others) and many other students from other laboratories (Rafael, Erka, Dima, Adel, Essien, Tejumola,...) have been great relations and colleagues and I am appreciative for the great time we spent together, for our wonderful trips and for all the great retentions. I would like express appreciation to my beloved wife IMENE and my baby ANAS who spent sleepless nights with and were always my support in the moments when there was no one to answer my queries. At the end, my gratitude means reciprocating gentleness and giving praise to the one who has done worthy and kind things to me. The one who is most commendable of thanks and praise is Allah, may he be glorified and exalted be to him, because of the great favouritisms and blessings that he has bestowed upon his slaves in both spiritual and worldly terms. Allah has commanded me to give thanks to him for those blessings, and not to deny them. He says (interpretation of the meaning): “Therefore remember me (by praying, glorifying). I will remember you, and be grateful to me (for my countless favours on you) and never be ungrateful to me”. iv PREFACE It’s a stately occasion to construct an ultra-small deep space probe known as Shinen2, developed by Kyushu Institute of Technology KIT, in corporation with the diverse enterprises and institutions of engineering respecting the concept of lean satellite standard. This research involves by foreign students and Japanese students, permitted a multi-cultural environment and an excellent tools for education in deep space exploration that has one of its motivations in the human effort and the requests technology of deep space communications systems are gradually increasing. The major challenge to deep space communications systems is postured by the huge distances to which the space probe travel as Shinen2 probe reach the moon orbit and how to get the data using several interfaces as WSJT interface via amateur radio band. The small spacecraft abilities and supporting technologies can improve space travel reliability via better designs. The re-entry probe also was a perilous epoch when all telecommunications between the space probe and targets could not be established. Entering earth atmosphere is one of the most severe mission stages for a space probe. The massive quantity of enthalpy not only places dense thermal loads on the LATS material used as heat shield of the re-entry probe, it also provides growth to an electrically charged plasma that tides around it. Therefore, occurred because of several factors such as high heat flux, high speed and the plasma sheath forming during re-entry; this phenomenon is usually known as a communication blackout. Since some years ago, numerous techniques were in development to resolve the communication RF cut-off problem to during earth’s atmospheric re-entry. The recommended approaches to solve the causes of RF blackout can be validated. Several methods as Remote Antenna Assembly, Raman Scattering Process, and Injection of liquid/gas, Static Magnetic Field or using spacecraft transceiver with upper frequency carrier, are used to solve this occurrence. One of these approaches are illustrated in this section, the SMF window mitigation is used in this thesis to figure out the problem of communication re-entry and assessed in terms of realistic applications, means to complete the minimum amount of electron plasma densities with inferior attenuation signal dependent to the variation of magnetic field strength and collision frequency. To achieve the intentions of the research, the following studies have been done: . The distribution of active real-time data acquisition on board space probe would be highly advantageous for space radiation detection and to reach the communication to deep space. Assimilation of payload as sensor RPPD explored for the Shinen2 project in KIT, developed by JSC/NASA - Johnson Space Centre/National Aeronautics Space Administration that can operate in deep space for harsh radiation environment and collect data for longer period based on some requirements. The experiment was carried out to test a heat shield made by LATS, equipped with transmitter located behind it tested for numerous megawatts per square meter of heat flux in a plasma flow of high enthalpy. v . Is the first test executed to achieve the end of radio silence signal during re-entry phase through the LATS ablative materials developed at Okuyama laboratory. A study about a new method of communication called end of radio silence using the arc heating facilities of Japan ISAS/JAXA and JUTEM. An experimental procedure to measure the current/voltage (I-V) characteristics by electrostatic single Langmuir probe (SLP) using Arc jet plasma wind tunnel for space probe re-entry having thermal shield made by LATS. The dissertation defines an approach of the transmitting signal blackout occurring in the wake region and how to exactly solve the communication blackout problem. The core tenacity of this thesis is to simulate a new mitigation Static Magnetic Field technique for communication blackout through numerical simulations using OREX and ISAS measurements data in order to validate the possibilities of the suggested schemes. The impact of the used SMF technique is established by computing the reduction in plasma attenuation and electron plasma density dependent to the plasma frequency, collision frequency and operation frequency. To summarise the above content, the dissertation is divided in 5 chapters, Chapter I is the Introduction, labelling the motivation of developing a small deep space probe on communication technique and brief overview of previous probe to define the approach of communication blackout for Earth’s atmospheric re-entry.