TABLE OF CONTENTS PROFILE 5 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 5 GEOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................... 5 AREA................................................................................................................................................ 5 GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS ............................................................................................................. 6 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY....................................................................................................................... 6 CLIMATE , ....................................................................................................................................... 6 TOPOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................. 7 MT. SEMERU.................................................................................................................................... 7 MT. MERAPI..................................................................................................................................... 7 KRAKATAU AND ANAK KRAKATAU................................................................................................ 8 MT. KELUD , .................................................................................................................................... 8 BODIES OF WATER......................................................................................................................... 9 JAVA SEA......................................................................................................................................... 9 INDIAN OCEAN............................................................................................................................... 10 SUNDA STRAIT............................................................................................................................... 10 BENGAWAN SOLO RIVER............................................................................................................... 11 BALI STRAIT .................................................................................................................................. 11 BIODIVERSITY .............................................................................................................................. 11 MAJOR CITIES.............................................................................................................................. 12 JAKARTA........................................................................................................................................ 12 SEMARANG .................................................................................................................................... 13 SURABAYA..................................................................................................................................... 13 YOGYAKARTA ............................................................................................................................... 14 SURAKARTA (SOLO) ...................................................................................................................... 14 HISTORY ....................................................................................................................................... 15 PREHISTORY .................................................................................................................................. 15 HINDU AND BUDDHIST KINGDOMS ............................................................................................... 15 THE FLOWERING OF JAVANESE CULTURE..................................................................................... 16 ISLAM IN JAVA............................................................................................................................... 16 THE COLONIAL ERA: PORTUGUESE AND DUTCH .......................................................................... 17 NATIONALISM................................................................................................................................18 JAPANESE OCCUPATION AND INDONESIAN INDEPENDENCE ......................................................... 18 THE MODERN ERA......................................................................................................................... 19 RECENT EVENTS ............................................................................................................................ 20 ECONOMY ..................................................................................................................................... 20 AGRICULTURE ............................................................................................................................... 21 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AND POPULATION GROWTH ...................................................... 22 MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRY ................................................................................................ 22 EXPORTS ........................................................................................................................................ 23 GOVERNMENT .............................................................................................................................. 23 ETHNIC GROUPS AND LANGUAGES............................................................................................. 23 SUNDANESE ................................................................................................................................... 24 MADURESE .................................................................................................................................... 25 TENGGERESE ................................................................................................................................. 25 CHINESE ........................................................................................................................................ 25 BADUI ........................................................................................................................................... 26 2 RELIGION 28 OVERVIEW.................................................................................................................................... 28 RELIGIOUS BACKGROUND........................................................................................................... 28 HINDUISM AND BUDDHISM IN JAVA.............................................................................................. 29 ISLAM............................................................................................................................................. 29 THE ROLE OF RELIGION IN THE JAVANESE GOVERNMENT...................................................... 30 INFLUENCE OF RELIGION ON DAILY LIFE.................................................................................. 31 RELIGIOUS HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS...................................................................................... 31 RAMADAN...................................................................................................................................... 32 IDUL FITRI...................................................................................................................................... 32 CHRISTMAS.................................................................................................................................... 32 IDUL ADHA .................................................................................................................................... 32 MUHARRAM................................................................................................................................... 33 GOOD FRIDAY AND EASTER .......................................................................................................... 33 MAULUD NABI MUHAMMAD......................................................................................................... 33 WAISAK DAY................................................................................................................................. 33 PILGRIMAGE (HAJJ) ....................................................................................................................... 33 BUILDINGS OF WORSHIP ............................................................................................................. 33 BEHAVIOR IN PLACES OF WORSHIP ........................................................................................... 34 MOSQUES....................................................................................................................................... 34 HINDU TEMPLES ............................................................................................................................ 35 TRADITIONS 36 TRADITIONAL ECONOMY AND JOBS ........................................................................................... 36 AGRICULTURE ............................................................................................................................... 36 HANDICRAFTS................................................................................................................................36