2019 G20 Osaka Summit Final Compliance Report Prepared by Sofia Lopez and the G20 Research Group University of Toronto Toronto and Irina Popova and the Center for International Institutions Research Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow From 30 June 2019 to 10 October 2020 19 November 2020 “The University of Toronto … produced a detailed analysis to the extent of which each G20 country has met its commitments since the last summit … I think this is important; we come to these summits, we make these commitments, we say we are going to do these things and it is important that there is an organisation that checks up on who has done what.” — David Cameron, Prime Minister, United Kingdom, at the 2012 Los Cabos Summit 2019 G20 Osaka Summit Final Compliance Report Contents Preface ................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Research Teams ................................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction and Summary ................................................................................................................................ 5 Commitment Breakdown .............................................................................................................................. 5 Selection of Commitments ............................................................................................................................ 5 Final Compliance Scores ............................................................................................................................... 6 Final Compliance by Member ...................................................................................................................... 6 Final Compliance by Commitment .............................................................................................................. 6 Table 1: 2019 G20 Osaka Summit Commitments Selected for Compliance Monitoring .............. 7 Table 2: 2019 G20 Osaka Summit Final Compliance Scores ............................................................. 9 Table 3: 2019 G20 Osaka Summit Final Compliance by Member .................................................. 10 Table 4: 2019 G20 Osaka Summit Final Compliance by Commitment ......................................... 10 Table 5: G20 Compliance by Member, 2008–2019 ........................................................................... 11 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................... 12 Future Research and Reports ..................................................................................................................... 12 Considerations and Limitations .................................................................................................................. 12 Appendix: General Considerations ................................................................................................................. 13 1. Macroeconomics: Inclusive Growth .......................................................................................................... 14 2. Macroeconomics: Exchange Rates ........................................................................................................... 122 3. Trade: Open Markets .................................................................................................................................. 131 4. Trade: Reform of the World Trade Organization .................................................................................. 152 5. Infrastructure: Quality Infrastructure Investment ................................................................................. 207 6. Digital Economy: Frameworks ................................................................................................................. 327 7. International Taxation: Digitalization ...................................................................................................... 348 8. Crime and Corruption: Cyber Resilience ................................................................................................. 364 9. Terrorism: Internet Security ...................................................................................................................... 389 10. Labour and Employment: Opportunities for Youth ........................................................................... 428 11. Gender: Education and Training ............................................................................................................ 452 12. Gender: Labour Market ........................................................................................................................... 493 13. Development: Energy ............................................................................................................................... 538 14. Development: Investment in Human Capital ....................................................................................... 559 15. Health: Ageing Populations ..................................................................................................................... 643 16. Health: Public Health Preparedness ....................................................................................................... 717 17. Environment: Marine Plastic Litter and Microplastics ........................................................................ 752 18. Climate Change: Financing for Sustainable Development ................................................................. 781 19. Climate Change: Innovation .................................................................................................................... 803 G20 Research Group and CIIR/19 November 2020 2 2019 G20 Osaka Summit Final Compliance Report 8. Crime and Corruption: Cyber Resilience “We also continue to step up efforts to enhance cyber resilience.” G20 Osaka Leaders’ Declaration Assessment No Compliance Partial Compliance Full Compliance Argentina +1 Australia +1 Brazil +1 Canada +1 China 0 France +1 Germany +1 India 0 Indonesia +1 Italy +1 Japan +1 Korea 0 Mexico +1 Russia +1 Saudi Arabia +1 South Africa 0 Turkey +1 United Kingdom +1 United States +1 European Union +1 Average +0.80 (90%) Background The G20 has been dealing with issues relating to crime and corruption since the 2009 Pittsburgh Summit when members committed to cope with tax heavens, money laundering, corruption, terrorist financing and prudential standards.2532 At the next summit in Toronto in 2010, the G20 committed to fully implement the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC).2533 The same year the G20 Anti-Corruption Working Group (ACWG) was established.2534 In 2010 in Seoul, the G20 endorsed the G20 Anti-Corruption Action Plan aimed at ratification and implementation of the UNCAC, fight against international bribery, money laundering prevention and the detection of transfers of proceeds of crime.2535 2532 G20 Leaders’ Statement: THe PittsburgH Summit. Access date: 22 December 2019. https://www.ranepa.ru/images/media/g20/2009pittsburgH/G20%20Leaders%20Statement.pdf 2533 The G20 Toronto Summit Declaration. Access date: 22 December 2019. https://www.ranepa.ru/images/media/g20/2010toronto/g20_declaration_en.pdf 2534 The G20 Toronto Summit Declaration. Access date: 22 December 2019. https://www.ranepa.ru/images/media/g20/2010toronto/g20_declaration_en.pdf 2535 Annex III. THe G20 Anti-Corruption Action Plan. Access date: 22 December 2019. https://www.ranepa.ru/images/media/g20/2010%20Korea/g20seoul-consensus.pdf G20 Research Group and CIIR/19 November 2020 364 2019 G20 Osaka Summit Final Compliance Report In 2012, the G20 approved the G20 principles for denying entry of corrupt officials, presented by the ACWG.2536 At Los Cabos, G20 leaders also reiterated the necessity to implement the G20 Anti- Corruption Action Plan and UNCAC.2537 In 2013 at St. Petersburg, the G20 approved the High-Level Principles on Mutual Legal Assistance, the Guiding Principles on Enforcement of the Foreign Bribery Offence and the Guiding Principles to combat Solicitation.2538 In 2014 at Brisbane, these principles were supplemented by the G20 High Level Principles on Beneficial Ownership Transparency.2539 In 2015 at Antalya three documents dealing with crime and corruption were approved by the G20: the G20 High-Level Principles on Integrity and Transparency in the Private Sector, G20 Anti- Corruption Open Data Principles and the G20 Principles for Promoting Integrity in Public Procurement.2540 The following year, at the Hangzhou Summit in 2016, the G20 endorsed the G20 High Level Principles on Cooperation on Persons Sought for Corruption and Asset Recovery.2541 At Hamburg in 2017, G20 members agreed on four sets of High Level Principles. These four includes the High Level Principles on Organizing Against Corruption, the High Level Principles on the Liability of Legal Persons for Corruption, the High Level on Countering Corruption in Customs, and the High Level Principles on Combatting Corruption Related to Illegal Trade in Wildlife and Wildlife Products.2542 At Buenos Aires in 2018, G20 leaders agreed on the new Action Plan 2019–2021 and endorsed the Principles on Preventing Corruption and Ensuring Integrity in State-Owned Enterprises