Arthropod-borne Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat Susan E Shaw BVSc(Hons) MSc DipACVIM DipECVIM FACVSc MRCVS Senior Lecturer in Veterinary Dermatology and Applied Immunology School of Clinical Veterinary Science University of Bristol Langford, Bristol, UK Michael J Day BSc BVMS(Hons) PhD DiplECVP FASM FRCPath FRCVS Professor of Veterinary Pathology School of Clinical Veterinary Science University of Bristol Langford, Bristol, UK Manson Publishing/The Veterinary Press Dedication To all colleagues and students who have as much enthusiasm for this subject as I do (SES) To Lara, Christopher and Natalie (MJD) Copyright © 2005 Manson Publishing Ltd ISBN: 1–84076–057–5 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the copyright holder or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended), or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 33–34 Alfred Place, London WC1E 7DP, UK. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. For full details of all Manson Publishing Ltd titles please write to: Manson Publishing Ltd, 73 Corringham Road, London NW11 7DL, UK. Tel: +44(0)20 8905 5150 Fax: +44(0)20 8201 9233 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mansonpublishing.com Commissioning editor: Jill Northcott Project manager: Paul Bennett Copy-editor: Peter Beynon Designer: Replika Press Pvt Ltd, India Colour reproduction: Tenon & Polert Colour Scanning Ltd, Hong Kong Printed by Grafos SA, Barcelona, Spain Contents Preface 5 Contributors 6 Abbreviations 7 Introduction 9 Susan Shaw and Michael Day 1 Arthropod vectors of infectious disease: biology and control 11 Richard Wall and Kieren Pitts 2 The role of wildlife and wildlife reservoirs in the maintenance of arthropod-borne infections 23 Kevin Bown and Malcolm Bennett 3 Interaction of the host immune system with arthropods and arthropod-borne infectious agents 30 Michael Day 4 Laboratory diagnosis of arthropod-transmitted infections 41 Martin Kenny 5 Filarial infections 51 Luca Ferasin and David Knight 6 Babesiosis and cytauxzoonosis 63 Peter Irwin Arthropod-borne infectious diseases of the dog and cat 7 Hepatozoonosis 78 Gad Baneth and Nancy Vincent-Johnson 8 Leishmaniosis 89 Gad Baneth, Michael Day, Xavier Roura and Susan Shaw 9 Borreliosis 100 K Emil Hovius 10 Bartonellosis 110 Richard Birtles 11 Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis 120 Shimon Harrus, Trevor Waner, Anneli Bjöersdorff and Susan Shaw 12 Rickettsial infections 134 Craig Greene 13 Other arthropod-borne infections of dogs and cats 138 Susan Shaw Appendix 143 Further reading 144 Index 150 Preface The study of arthropod-borne infectious disease in • To provide more detailed information in the same text companion animals is developing rapidly. For example, on the expanding array of diagnostic techniques new species and subspecies of Babesia affecting dogs and routinely available to veterinary surgeons dealing with cats are being characterized as this book is being written. these diseases (Chapter 4). Arthropod-transmitted In addition, it is highly likely that the role of arthropods diseases provide a real diagnostic challenge. Many tests in the transmission of other important canine and feline are available for the same disease, using different diseases will be confirmed. This is particularly the case technologies and with differing sensitivities and with the haemoplasmas (previously Haemobartonella specificities. Tests for exposure to infection, such as species) of dogs and cats, where investigation of antibody-based serology, provide different information transmission by Ctenocephalides felis (the cat flea) is the from those designed to identify active infection (PCR- subject of current intensive research. based methods). Both sets of information may be With this background, we set out to produce a text useful in difficult cases and Chapter 4 has been written that would collect together the important information to enable veterinary practitioners to better understand related to the arthropod-borne infectious diseases of the laboratory basis for the results they receive. companion animals. Our objectives in producing this book were: Arthropod-Borne Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat To provide veterinary surgeons with comprehensive is a project that has arisen from the clinical, laboratory information on clinical presentation, pathogenesis, diagnostic and research interests of the editors in this diagnosis, treatment, control and zoonotic implications of rapidly developing field of veterinary medicine. Over a the major arthropod-transmitted diseases of dogs and cats number of years we have met and collaborated with many (Chapters 5 to 13). veterinarians and scientists active in this field who have • To provide additional information in the same text on become valued colleagues and friends. Many of these have relevant aspects of the biology of the arthropod vectors contributed the chapters, illustrations or data that form and their wildlife host species. It is hoped this will this book. To these contributors we are exceedingly encourage greater understanding of the challenges grateful for your excellent reviews and prompt responses required in controlling these infections as well as an to questions or proofreading. Your enthusiasm and appreciation of the biological complexities involved in rigorous scientific input has helped us to produce a text of their maintenance (Chapters 1 and 2). which we can all be proud. • To provide additional information in the same text on We must also acknowledge the superb support from the immunological interactions between arthropod- Manson Publishing for this project. The book was born borne pathogens, their vectors and the companion from early discussions with Jill Northcott and we are animal hosts (Chapter 3). Immune–mediated disease is grateful for her support and gentle cajoling throughout. a hallmark of infection with this specific group of Michael Manson has been characteristically supportive and pathogens, and it is hoped that Chapter 3 will provide it has been a pleasure to work with him. We are very pleased veterinary surgeons with a basis for understanding and to be able to thank the production team headed by Paul interpreting the clinical and laboratory evidence for Bennett, and the expert and detailed copyediting provided this in cases with suspected arthropod-borne disease. by Peter Beynon. The hand-drawn sketches produced by In addition, appreciation of this complex interaction individual contributors have been expertly rendered into a provides a platform for understanding both the uniform style by Cactus Design and Illustration. difficulties involved in the development of traditional We hope this book will prove an informative and vaccines for this group of infections and the practical resource to practising veterinarians who deal development of novel immunomodulatory approaches with this fascinating group of diseases. to treatment. Susan Shaw and Michael Day 5 Contributors Gad Baneth DVM PhD DiplECVCP K Emil Hovius DVM MSc PhD School of Veterinary Medicine Companion Animal Hospital ‘t Heike Hebrew University Veldhoven, The Netherlands Rehovot, Israel Peter J Irwin BVetMed PhD FACVSc MRCVS Anneli Bjöersdorff DVM PhD School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department of Clinical Microbiology Murdoch University Kalmar County Hospital Murdoch, Western Australia Kalmar, Sweden Martin J Kenny BSc PhD Malcolm Bennett BVSc PhD FRCPath MRCVS School of Clinical Veterinary Science Department of Veterinary Pathology University of Bristol University of Liverpool Langford, United Kingdom Neston, United Kingdom David Harmon Knight DVM DipACVIM(Cardiology) (decd) Richard J Birtles BSc(Hons) PhD Veterinary Hospital Centre for Comparative Infectious Diseases University of Pennsylvania University of Liverpool Philadelphia, United States of America Neston, United Kingdom Kieren Pitts BSc MSc PhD Kevin Bown BSc(Hons) MRes PhD School of Biological Sciences Department of Veterinary Pathology University of Bristol University of Liverpool Bristol, United Kingdom Neston, United Kingdom Xavier Roura DVM PhD DipECVIM-CA Michael J Day BSc BVMS(Hons) PhD DiplECVP FASM Servei de Medicina Interna FRCPath FRCVS Hospital Clínic Veterinari School of Clinical Veterinary Science Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona University of Bristol Bellaterra, Spain. Langford, United Kingdom Susan E Shaw BVSc(Hons) MSc DipACVIM DipECVIM Luca Ferasin DVM PhD CertVC DipECVIM-CA FACVSc MRCVS (Cardiology) MRCVS School of Clinical Veterinary Science School of Clinical Veterinary Science University of Bristol University of Bristol Langford, United Kingdom Langford, United Kingdom Nancy A Vincent-Johnson DVM MS DipACVIM DipACVPM Craig E Greene DVM MS DipACVIM(Internal Medicine Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army Veterinary Corps and Neurology) Commander, National Capital District Veterinary Command Department of Infectious Disease Fort Belvoir, United States of America College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Richard Wall BSc MBA PhD Athens, United States of America School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol Shimon Harrus DVM PhD DiplECVCP Bristol, United Kingdom School of Veterinary Medicine Hebrew University Trevor Waner BVSc PhD DipECLAM