The Symposium On University Research and Creative Expression Program & Proceedings Thursday, May 15th 2014 PROGRAM AND PROCEEDINGS SYMPOSIUM ON UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND CREATIVE EXPRESSION (SOURCE) 19TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE CENTRAL WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY STUDENT UNION AND RECREATION CENTER ELLENSBURG, WASHINGTON MAY 15, 2014 SPONSORED BY School of Graduate Studies and Research Student & Activities Fees Office of the Provost College of Arts and Humanities College of Business College of Education and Professional Studies College of the Sciences James E. Brooks Library Student Success The Wildcat Shop Copy Cat Shop Educational Technology Center Office of Enrollment Management A special THANKS to OUR community SPONSOR The Boeing Company PHOTOGRAPHS CONTENTS SOURCE 2014: Goals of the Symposium .......................................................................................... 4 SOURCE: A History and the Present ................................................................................................ 5 President’s Welcome ....................................................................................................................... 7 Manastash 2014 Literary Arts Magazine Cover ............................................................................... 8 Museum of Culture and Environment ............................................................................................ 9 Student Fashion Show ................................................................................................................... 10 Business Plan Competition ............................................................................................................ 10 Program Cover Design ................................................................................................................... 10 Musical Welcome .......................................................................................................................... 10 Research Opportunity Showcase on the Mezzanine Bridge .......................................................... 11 First Lego League in the SURC Pit ................................................................................................. 12 SOURCE 2014 Program at a Glance ............................................................................................... 13 Maps of Student Union and Recreation Center (SURC) ............................................................14-15 Oral Presentations and Creative Expression Schedule .................................................................. 17 Poster Presentation Schedule: University Centers ........................................................................ 35 Poster Presentations, Creative Works, and Constructed Objects Schedule .................................. 36 Abstracts (in alphabetical order by presenting author) ................................................................. 51 SOURCE 2014 Acknowledgments ................................................................................................ 224 2014 Student Business Plan Competition Judges ........................................................................ 225 SOURCE 2014 Judges and Session Chairs .................................................................................... 226 National Conference on Undergraduate Research 2015 at Eastern Washington University ...... 228 SOURCE 2014 This year, SOURCE celebrates the 19th year of annual multidisciplinary conferences dedicated to student scholarship at Central Washington University. The goals of SOURCE are to: • Celebrate the depth and diversity of scholarly inquiry and creative expression at Central Washington University. • Offer students a professional forum in order to sharpen their presentation skills and communicate professional standards. • Promote students’ professional development by providing evaluation and feedback on student presentations in accordance with rigorous professional expectations. • Promote excellence in pedagogy by providing an opportunity for faculty to mentor students through all the steps involved in presenting their work, including creating a research idea, designing and conducting research, and developing and delivering a presentation. • Create a sense of excitement about scholarship and promote life-long learning by encouraging people from within and outside the University to attend students’ presentations and learn about current developments across multiple academic disciplines. • Foster partnerships between higher education, industry, government, and the local community by inviting representatives from diverse fields to partake in evaluating student presentations. • Attract the attention of employers to the excellence of students at Central Washington University. • Allow opportunities for further development of mentoring relationships and skills. • Allow opportunities for further development of collaborative relationships and skills. • Promote a sense of community and inclusivity by encouraging students from all disciplines to participate and by recognizing that, while facilitating students’ professional development is our priority, presentations by faculty and staff are welcome. • Elevate student accomplishment and recognize the excellence of undergraduate and graduate research at Central Washington University. • Recognize works of creative expression as valuable research activities with cultural significance alongside more traditional research. • Promote entrepreneurial spirit by encouraging students to develop and exhibit their business plans. • Educate the University, Town, and Region about the resources and work available through Central Washington University. 4 SOURCE: A History and the Present In 1996, CWU sponsored the first Undergraduate Research Symposium with twenty- three presentations of faculty-mentored undergraduate student research. In 2005, the undergraduate symposium merged with the Conference of Graduate Student and Faculty Scholarship, creating the current incarnation of SOURCE – the Symposium On University Research and Creative Expression. All forms of research, scholarship, and creative activities by students, faculty, and staff are welcome. SOURCE 2014 celebrates 361 presentations with 604 listed authors and co-authors. All presentations are also mentored by faculty or staff at CWU with many presentations having more than one listed mentor. This year, we welcome mentors from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Yakima Valley Community College, and Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences as well as Ellensburg High School, Selah Junior High School, Walter Strom Middle School, Chief Joseph Middle School in Richland, and Chief Kanim Middle School in Fall City. Many distinct types of presentations are supported by SOURCE, including 138 oral presentations, 3 panel presentations, 22 creative expression performances or presentations, 143 poster presentations with 9 more at satellite campuses, 27 constructed objects, and 13 creative works that includes a fashion show with 8 designs. This year, 52 academic and administrative units are participating: Actuarial Science; Africana & Black Studies; Anthropology & Museum Studies; Apparel, Textiles and Merchandising; Art; Asia/Pacific Studies; Biological Sciences; Center for Leadership and Community Engagement; Chemistry; Communication; Computer Science; Craft Brewing Certificate; Douglas Honors College; Disability Services; Economics; Educational Foundations & Curriculum; Engineering Technologies, Safety, & Construction; English; Environmental Studies; Ethnic Studies; Family and Consumer Sciences; Family Studies; Film and Video Studies; Finance & Supply Management; Geography; Geological Sciences; Global Wine Studies; History; Information Technology and Administrative Management (ITAM); Language, Literacy, & Special Education; Law and Justice; Management; Mathematics; McNair Scholars Program; Music; Nutrition, Exercise and Health Services; Philosophy and Religious Studies; Physical Education, School & Public Health (Dance Program); Physics; Political Science; Primate Behavior & Ecology; Psychology; Public Relations; Recreation & Tourism; Resource Management; Science Talent Expansion Program (STEP); Science Education; Science Honors Research Program; Sociology; Student Success; Theatre; Women’s and Gender Studies; & World Languages. We continue to welcome additional growth in numbers of presenters and participants, as well as an expanded roster of participating colleges, departments, and programs. Our vision continues to be one of creating an event showcasing all realms of scholarly work at CWU, and sharing them across disciplines and with the outside community. 5 PHOTOS 6 May 15, 2014 I would like to extend my personal welcome, and that of everyone at Central Washington Univer- sity, to the university’s 19th annual Symposium On University Research and Creative Expression (SOURCE). SOURCE is the university’s largest, multidisciplinary event. It offers us a yearly op- portunity to celebrate the tremendous quality and quantity of research and creative achievements produced by our undergraduate and graduate students, faculty, staff, alumni, and other members of the community. The first SOURCE was held in 1996 and it showcased the work of 23 undergraduate students, along with their faculty mentors. By way of comparison, SOURCE 2014 will feature more than 360 presentations by undergraduates, graduate students, faculty, staff, and community members. This year’s program represents the