UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO UNIVERSITÀ CATTOLICA DEL SACRO CUORE DI MILANO UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI GENOVA UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PAVIA 11 PhD PROGRAM POLITICAL STUDIES – 30th cohort DOCTORAL THESIS [ BLACK SANDS: POLITICS AND HUMANITARIAN AID IN CONTEMPORARY LIBYA ] SPS/04, SPS/01, SPS/11 PhD CANDIDATE: ALESSANDRO D’ERRICO SUPERVISOR: PROF. ANDREA LOCATELLI PhD DIRECTOR: PROF. FRANCESCO ZUCCHINI ACADEMIC YEAR 2017/2018 1 The PhD program Political Studies (POLS) (30th cohort) stems from the collaboration of four Universities, namely Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano, Università degli Studi di Genova, Università degli Studi di Milano, Università degli Studi di Pavia. The University of Milan serves as the administrative headquarters and provides the facilities for most teaching activities. 2 Index Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Part 1 – The Frame ............................................................................................................................................ 6 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 7 1. Framing the Puzzle ................................................................................................................................ 7 2. Aim(s) and Questions of the dissertation............................................................................................... 9 3. The argument ....................................................................................................................................... 11 4. The Research Design ........................................................................................................................... 12 5 The Structure of the Dissertation .......................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 16 The Theory .................................................................................................................................................. 16 1.1 A review of studies of Governance and Humanitarianism ................................................................ 16 1.1.1 Governance Studies ........................................................................................................................ 16 1.1.2 Humanitarian Aid Studies ............................................................................................................... 23 1.1.3 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 35 1.2 The Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................................... 39 Chapter 2 ......................................................................................................................................................... 57 Research Design and metodology ................................................................................................................... 57 2.1 Operationalizing the Research Variables............................................................................................... 58 2.1.1 A typology of NGOs....................................................................................................................... 58 2.1.2. Determinants of Decision-Making in the Learning Framework .................................................... 65 2.2 Case Study Research Design ................................................................................................................. 67 2.2.1 Cases Selection - Small N Comparative Case Study ...................................................................... 70 2.2.2 Process Tracing............................................................................................................................... 72 2.2.3 Research Methodology – Qualitative Data, Method and Analysis ................................................. 73 Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................................................................ 79 Post-Qaddafi’s Libya and Humanitarian Context............................................................................................ 79 3.1 Key humanitarian issues .................................................................................................................... 79 3.2 Internally Displaced People ............................................................................................................... 82 3.3 Migrants, Refugees and Asylum seekers ........................................................................................... 84 Part 2 ............................................................................................................................................................... 87 The Political Economy of Migration and Humanitarian Action in Libya. ......................................................... 87 Chapter 4 ..................................................................................................................................................... 88 The Domestic Environment. Smuggling, Actors and Norms ....................................................................... 88 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 88 3 4.2 Actors and Norms in the post-Qaddafi human Smuggling ................................................................ 89 4.3 The political economy of migration – A Regional Analysis ............................................................. 90 4.4 Norms, Actors and Policy issues in the formal Libyan Migration Governance................................ 103 4.5 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................... 109 Chapter 5 .................................................................................................................................................. 113 The international Environment .................................................................................................................. 113 5.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 113 5.2 The United Nations Support Mission to Libya (UNSMIL) ............................................................. 114 5.3 The International Organization of Migration (IOM) ....................................................................... 122 5.4 The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) ..................................................... 133 5.5 The European Union (EU) .............................................................................................................. 145 5.6 The United Kingdom ....................................................................................................................... 153 5.7 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................... 158 Chapter 6 ................................................................................................................................................... 164 Three Case studies of NGO Decision-Making: the Danish Refugee Council (DRC), Mediciens Sans Frontiers (MSF) Holland, and International Medical Corps (IMC) ............................................................................ 164 6.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 165 6.2 DRC ................................................................................................................................................. 170 6.3 MSF Holland ................................................................................................................................... 192 6.4 International Medical Corps ............................................................................................................ 197 6.5 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................... 206 Chapter 7 ....................................................................................................................................................... 219 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................... 219 7.1 Wrapping up with theory and questions .......................................................................................... 219 7.2 The evidence – part 1: Institutions and Strategic (Governance) Complexes ................................... 220 7.3 Evidence part 2 – NGO Decision-Making and Programming. ........................................................ 227 7.4 Concluding Remarks ......................................................................................................................