Rapport 4/2001 Energy saving in transport of goods – a pilot project in rural natural resource based industries Final report from the European Commission SAVE -project XVII/4.1031/Z/97-229 By Otto Andersen1, Kyrre Groven1, Eivind Brendehaug1, Outi Uusitalo2, Ulla Suutari2, Jarkko Lehtinen2, Peter Ahlvik3 and Hans Hjortsberg3 1Western Norway Research Institute 2VTT - Finland 3Ecotraffic R&D AB - Sweden WNRI Report Title: Report number: Energy saving in transport of goods – a pilot project in rural 4/2001 natural resource based industries. Date: February 2001 Grading: Open Project title: Number of pages Energy saving in transport of goods – a pilot project in rural natural resource based industries. Researchers: Otto Andersen, Kyrre Groven, Eivind Project responsible: Brendehaug, Outi Uusitalo, Ulla Suutari, Jarkko Lehtinen, Karl G. Høyer Peter Ahlvik and Hans Hjortsberg Financed by: Subject heading European Commission DG XVII energy saving, goods transport, measures and actions, rural resource based industries Summary This report presents the results from a project on energy saving in transport of goods. It has been a pilot project in rural natural resource based industries in three Nordic countries. The main object of the project has been to develop and implement actions, strategies and measures for improved energy efficiency in transport of goods. The project has used 3 cases of natural resource based industries, one from each of the three Nordic countries Norway, Sweden and Finland. The cases are fish export in Norway, wood (paper) export in Finland and agricultural products (mainly grain) in Sweden. Pilot actions have been carried out in one company each in Norway and Finland and in two companies in Sweden. The project constituted 3 main phases: 1) Basic analytic activities, 2) Pilot actions in the “case”-companies and 3) Actions and measures in regional policies. Phase 1 included an analysis of transport means, transport volumes, load factors and energy use in transport of goods in the 3 Nordic countries. Historical data back to 1970 and prognosis up to year 2020 for the three major modes of goods transport road, rail and sea were analysed. This phase also included a literature survey of energy saving in transport of goods. Phase 2 included pilot actions at three levels; reduction of fuel consumption, increased load factor and transfer of goods from road to rail and sea. In Phase 3 an analysis of measures and actions in regional policies for energy saving in the goods transport in the 3 Nordic countries was carried out. Other publications from the project Andersen, O., O. Uusitalo, P. Ahlvik, H. Hjortsberg, K. Groven and E. Brendehaug. Energy in transport of goods. Nordic Examples. VF-Rapport 6/99.Vestlandsforsking, Sogndal. Andersen, O., O. Uusitalo, J. Lehtinen, P. Ahlvik, H. Hjortsberg, K. Groven and E. Brendehaug. Pilot actions for energy saving in transport of goods. Nordic Examples. VF- Rapport 2/2001.Vestlandsforsking, Sogndal. Andersen, O., U. Suutari, H. Hjortsberg, K. Groven and E. Brendehaug. Measures and actions in regional policies for energy saving. VF-Rapport 3/2001.Vestlandsforsking, Sogndal. ISBN nr 82-428-0197-5 Price: ISSN: 0803-4354 NOK 200,-, SEK 200,- FIM 140,- Preface This report presents the results of a pilot action project under the European Commission DG XVII –programme Specific Actions for Vigorous Energy Efficiency (SAVE). The content of the report is the sole responsibility of the publishers, and it does not in any way represent the views of the Commission or its services. The main object of the project has been to develop and implement actions, strategies and measures for improved energy efficiency in transport of goods. The report is edited and partly written by researcher Otto Andersen at Western Norway Research Institute, who also has been responsible for co-ordinating the project. The report is based on contributions from several other researchers both at Western Norway Research Institute and the two partners Ecotraffic R&D in Sweden and VTT Building and Transport in Finland. Each contribution is however based on comments and suggestions by all three partners. Several people within the transport sector have contributed to the content of the report, and we are most thankful for all their help. Karl Georg Høyer has headed the project. Sogndal, February, 2001 Karl G. Høyer ii Table of contents 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT..............................................................1 2. METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................................................3 2.1. METHODOLOGY FOR PHASE 1...................................................................................................................3 2.2. METHODOLOGY FOR PHASE 2...................................................................................................................3 2.3. METHODOLOGY FOR PHASE 3...................................................................................................................4 3. ENERGY USE IN TRANSPORT OF GOODS...........................................................................................7 3.1. THE SITUATION IN EUROPE........................................................................................................................7 3.2. ENERGY USE IN TRANSPORT OF GOODS IN NORWAY..................................................................................7 3.2.1. Historical and present data..............................................................................................................7 3.2.2. Prognoses for the future..................................................................................................................17 3.3. ENERGY USE IN TRANSPORT OF GOODS IN FINLAND...............................................................................18 3.3.1. Historical and present data............................................................................................................19 3.3.2. Prognoses for the future..................................................................................................................36 3.4. ENERGY-USE IN TRANSPORT OF GOODS IN SWEDEN................................................................................40 3.4.1. Historical and present data............................................................................................................40 3.4.2. Prognoses for the future..................................................................................................................60 4. COMPARISON OF VOLUME AND ENERGY USE IN GOODS TRANSPORT IN THE 3 NORDIC COUNTRIES.........................................................................................................................................................67 4.1. TRANSPORT VOLUME...............................................................................................................................67 4.2. ENERGY USE............................................................................................................................................69 4.3. ENERGY EFFICIENCY................................................................................................................................71 5. ENERGY SAVING IN TRANSPORT OF GOODS – A LITERATURE REVIEW..............................77 5.1. STRATEGIES FOR ENERGY SAVING IN TRANSPORT OF GOODS...................................................................77 5.1.1. Reduced fuel consumption in today’s goods transport...................................................................77 5.1.2. Increased load factors in lorries.....................................................................................................82 5.1.3. Transfer of goods from road to rail- and sea transport..................................................................82 6. THE NORWEGIAN CASE........................................................................................................................87 6.1. THE CASE COMPANY WAAGAN TRANSPORT............................................................................................87 6.1.1. Domestic offices and offices abroad...............................................................................................87 6.2. METHODOLOGY FOR THE PILOT ACTIONS IN THE NORWEGIAN CASE......................................................87 6.2.1. Data collection................................................................................................................................88 6.3. ENERGY EFFICIENCY................................................................................................................................89 6.4. EFFECT OF DRIVING STYLE, LOAD FACTOR AND TOPOGRAPHY................................................................91 6.5. DESCRIPTION OF ACTIONS AND THE NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR THEIR IMPLEMENTATION..................95 6.5.1. Actions to reduce fuel consumption................................................................................................95 6.5.2. Actions to increase load factor.......................................................................................................96 6.5.3. Actions at the transfer of goods level.............................................................................................97 6.5.4. Necessary conditions for implementing actions.............................................................................98 6.6.