Water Nepal: A Historical Perspective GWP Nepal/ Jalsrot Vikas Sanstha (JVS) September, 2018 Water Nepal: A Historical Perspective, 2018 Disclaimer The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author (s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the institutions. Water Nepal: A Historical Perspective, 2018 Table of Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER-I ........................................................................................................................................................ 11 HISTORY OF DRINKING WATER SYSTEM: TRADITION, DEVELOPMENT AND PARTNERS IN PROGRESS ........... 11 Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................................... 12 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 15 Water: Socio-Economic Culture ................................................................................................................... 15 1. Drinking Water Harvesting and Management Tradition in Nepal ....................................................... 15 1.1 Kirat Period (200-800 B.C.) ............................................................................................................... 16 1.2 Lichhavi Period (300-800 AD) ........................................................................................................... 16 1.3 Malla Period (1144-1768 A.D.) ......................................................................................................... 17 1.4 Shah and Rana Period (1768-1951 A.D) ........................................................................................... 18 1.5 Global Level Initiatives ........................................................................................................................... 19 1.6 Piped Water Supply: Modern Nepal (Post -1950) ............................................................................ 20 2. Drinking Water Supply Sector Program Five year and Three year Development Plans: ......................... 21 2.1 Five Year Plan: ........................................................................................................................................ 21 2.1.1 First Five Year Plan Period (1956 - 1962) ............................................................................................ 21 2.1.2 Second Five Year Plan Period (1962 -1965) ........................................................................................ 21 2.1.3 Third Five Year Plan Period (1965- 1970) ............................................................................................ 22 2.1.4 The Fourth Five Year Plan Period (1970-1975) ................................................................................... 22 2.1.5 The Fifth Five Year Plan Period (1975-1980) ....................................................................................... 22 2.1.6 The Sixth Five Year Plan Period (1980-1985) ...................................................................................... 22 2.1.7 The Seven Five Year Plan Period (1985-1990) .................................................................................... 23 2.1.8 The Eighth Five Year Plan Period (1992-1997) .................................................................................... 24 2.1.9 The Ninth Five Year Plan Period (1997-2002) ..................................................................................... 24 2.1.10: The Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007) ............................................................................................. 25 Development of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation National Policy 2060 (2004) and Rural Water Supply and Sanitation National Strategy 2060 (2004) ............................................................................................. 25 2.1.11 Eleventh Three Year Interim Plan 2007-2010 ................................................................................... 25 Development of Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Policy 2066 (2009) .................................................. 25 2.1.12 Twelfth Three year Plan (2010-2013) ............................................................................................... 26 2.1.13 Thirteenth Three year Plan (2013-2016) .......................................................................................... 26 Water Nepal: A Historical Perspective, 2018 2.1.14 Fourteenth Three Year Plan (2016-2018/19) .................................................................................... 27 2.2 Nepal Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector Development Plan (2016-2030) ......................... 27 3. Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Nepal: Growth and Development ................................... 28 3.1 Bagmati Basin Study ............................................................................................................................... 29 3.2 Institutional Arrangements for water supply and sanitation ................................................................ 30 3.2.1 Urban Water Supply outside the Kathmandu Valley .......................................................................... 30 3.2.2 Issues in Urban Water Supply and Sanitation .................................................................................... 31 3.2.3 Water Quality ..................................................................................................................................... 32 3.3.2 Water Supply and Sanitation for the urban poor ............................................................................... 32 3.3.4 Service Standards and Functionality ................................................................................................... 33 4. Major Partners and Donors in the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector ................................................. 33 4.1 UNICEF ................................................................................................................................................... 33 4.2 HELVITAS ................................................................................................................................................ 34 4.3 Asian Development Bank ....................................................................................................................... 34 4.4 FINNIDA .................................................................................................................................................. 34 4.5 DFID ........................................................................................................................................................ 35 4.6 International and National NGOs ........................................................................................................... 35 4.7 World Bank ............................................................................................................................................. 35 5. Drinking Water Rights, Act and Regulations ............................................................................................ 35 5.1 Acts and Regulations .............................................................................................................................. 36 References ....................................................................................................................................................... 39 Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................................... 41 1. Development of Irrigation.................................................................................................................... 44 2. Historical Development of Irrigation Systems in Nepal ........................................................................... 45 2.1 Ancient Period (500 BC to 750 AD) ........................................................................................................ 45 2.2 Medieval Period (750AD to 1750AD) ..................................................................................................... 46 2.3 Modern Period (1750 AD- till date) ....................................................................................................... 46 Historical Water Rights and Laws ................................................................................................................ 47 • Court of Law ..................................................................................................................................... 53 • CDO Office ........................................................................................................................................ 53 1. Consumption Related Policy/Law ........................................................................................................ 55 Water Nepal: A Historical Perspective, 2018 2. Discharge Related Laws ....................................................................................................................... 55 3. Protection Related Laws .....................................................................................................................