LAWI AYAM : AESTHETIC EXPERIENCE AND DESIGN-USER SYSTEM ASSESMENT OF A MALAY WEAPON ARTEFACT Malaya SITI MASTURA BINTI MD ISHAK of INSTITUTE OF GRADUATE STUDIES UniversityUNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2017 LAWI AYAM : AESTHETIC EXPERIENCE AND DESIGN-USER SYSTEM ASSESMENT OF A MALAY WEAPON ARTEFACT SITI MASTURA BINTI MD ISHAK Malaya of THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY INSTITUTE OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA UniversityKUALA LUMPUR 2017 UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION Name of Candidate: SITI MASTURA BINTI MD ISHAK Registration/Matric No: HHB 120007 Name of Degree: DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Title of Project Paper/Research Report/Dissertation/Thesis (“this Work”): LAWI AYAM : AESTHETIC EXPERIENCE AND DESIGN-USER SYSTEM ASSESMENT OF A MALAY WEAPON ARTEFACT Field of Study: AESTHETICS I do solemnly and sincerely declare that: (1) I am the sole author/writer of this Work; (2) This Work is original; Malaya (3) Any use of any work in which copyright exists was done by way of fair dealing and for permitted purposes and any excerpt or extract from, or reference to or reproduction of any copyright work has been disclosed expressly and sufficiently and theof title of the Work and its authorship have been acknowledged in this Work; (4) I do not have any actual knowledge nor do I ought reasonably to know that the making of this work constitutes an infringement of any copyright work; (5) I hereby assign all and every rights in the copyright to this Work to the University of Malaya (“UM”), who henceforth shall be owner of the copyright in this Work and that any reproduction or use in any form or by any means whatsoever is prohibited without the written consent of UM having been first had and obtained; (6) I am fully aware that if in the course of making this Work I have infringed any copyright whether intentionally or otherwise, I may be subject to legal action or any other action as may be determined by UM. University Candidate’s Signature Date: Subscribed and solemnly declared before, Witness’s Signature Date: Name: Designation: ii ABSTRACT There is a need of Malay cultural product knowledge preservation for establishing the product design development in the new culture environment. Although many researches on Malay cultural artefacts in Malaysia, none of these documents has extensive information on susta inable user aesthetic experience knowledge. In fact, much documentation lingers on certain popular artefacts that typically known in Malay cultural design environment. Consequently, narrow understanding in local designers on Malay applied artefact due no rigorous research and limited documentation employing the design and the human science in user experience. This research shows that this knowledge comprehension can be expanded to higher level in both contexts of tangible and intangible for a new paradigm of Malay cultural product design. The purpose of this study is to systematize design-user interrelationshipMalaya through aesthetic experience assessment on Malay Lawi Ayam (LA) artefact as a case study for establishing the Malay cultural product design knowledge.of This study employed literature review and analytical observation on Malay Lawi Ayam weapon to document the characteristic of physical design and intangible knowledge for syntactic analysis. Then, this study conducted full participant observation and semi-structured interview to comprehend the aesthetic experience (AE) of the weapon user through pragmatic analysis and artefact usability evaluation. Finally, the study further undertook eye tracking test to investigate the eye behavioural responses and cognitive feedback in user pre-existent AE experienceUniversity towards Malay Lawi Ayam design evaluation to amalgamate the knowledge between the artefact context (syntactic dimension) and the user context (pragmatic dimension). Drawing on Petersen’s methodology (2004) and Locher’s approach (2010) in relation to aesthetic interaction, the findings from the data analysis would include the; 1) design characteristic (physical and non-physical) and artefact terminology as factor that affects artefact effectiveness, 2) pragmatic knowledge and artefact usability of iii Malay Lawi Ayam user to understand the artefact usage through the body movement efficiency, and 3) cognitive knowledge from eye tracking evaluation to support the understanding of users’ eye behaviour on artefact design preference. These result expected to be a pioneer approach for Malay cultural product (MCD) knowledge preservation to assist the development of design in a new environment purposes. This research will present the literature on Malay Lawi Ayam, Aesthetic Experience, and design-user interaction. Then, the research methodology describes a comprehensive data acquisition strategy before presenting the expected results. This study contributes in; 1) Artefact classification knowledge of Malay Lawi Ayam from the comprehension on design characteristic, terminology and intangible knowledge (design philosophy), 2) Aesthetic experience knowledge through the understanding of artefact typology of Malay Lawi Ayam and user physical behaviour (movement)Malaya by integrating the syntactic findings into the pragmatic analysis, and 3) the development of a design-user interrelationship system (DUs) with the implementationof of Malay design knowledge from artefact classification and artefact user’s aesthetic experience using technology of eye movement test. Findings from this study benefits the product designers, behavioural researchers and ethnographers for the field of design and the cultural artefact research relating to design-driven and cognitive-driven to provide holistic understanding for Malay cultural design (MCD). University iv ABSTRAK Pelestarian terhadap pengetahuan produk kebudayaan Melayu adalah amat perlu bagi memantapkan pembangunan reka bentuk produk dalam era budaya baharu. Walau pun banyak kajian mengenai artifak budaya Melayu di Malaysia, namun tiada informasi yang terperinci tentang pengetahuan mampan pengalaman estetik penggunanya. Malah, kebanyakan dokumenstasi sering menjurus kepada konteks tertentu artifak popular yang sudah begitu lazim dalam kebudayaan Melayu. Akibatnya, pereka tempatan mempunyai pemahaman yang rendah tentang artifak gunaan Melayu kerana kurangnya kajian rapi yang mengambil kira reka bentuk dan sains manusia dalam pengalaman pengguna. Kajian ini memaparkan pemahaman pengetahuan tersebut boleh dikembangkan ke peringkat yang tinggi dari segi ilmu aset ketara danMalaya juga tidak ketara untuk diberi paradigma baharu dalam konteks reka bentuk produk budaya Melayu. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk membangunkan sistem reka ofbentuk-pengguna melalui penilaian terhadap pengalaman estetik pada artifak senjata Melayu bagi memantapkan pengetahuan reka bentuk produk budaya Melayu dengan artifak Lawi Ayam sebagai kajian kes. Kajian ini menggunakan kajian literatur dan pemerhatian analitikal pada artifak LA Melayu untuk mendokumentasi karakteristik fizikal reka bentuk dan ilmu tersirat untuk analisis sintaktik. Seterusnya, pemerhatian penuh dan temu bual separa-berstruktur digunakan untuk memahami pengalaman estetik pengguna LA melalui analisis pragmatik dan evaluasiUniversity kebolehgunaan artifak. Akhir sekali, kajian ini menggunakan ujian pengesanan mata bagi menyelidik respon tingkah laku mata dan kognitif melalui pengalaman estetik pra-wujud oleh pengguna ketika mengevaluasi reka bentuk artifak LA dengan gabungan dua pengetahuan oleh konteks artifak LA (pengukuran sintaktik) dan konteks pengguna (pengukuran pragmatik). Berdasarkan metodologi Petersen et. al (2004) dan pendekatan Locher et al. (2010) berkaitan interaksi estetik, hasil dapatan dari analisis v membincangkan tentang; 1) karakteristik reka bentuk (fizikal dan non-fizikal) dan terminologi artifak yang mampu menjadi faktor kepada kadar keefektifan pengunaan LA, 2) pengetahuan pragmatik dan kebolehgunaan artifak dalam pengalaman pengguna LA membantu untuk memahami kelakuan pengguna ketika penggunaan artifak melalui kecekapan gerak tubuh badan, dan 3) pengetahuan kognitif dari evaluasi pengesanan mata terhadap artifak bagi memahami kelakuan mata pengguna berdasarkan pilihan utama reka bentuknya. Semua hasil dapatan ini dijangka dapat memantapkan sistem reka bentuk-pengguna sebagai perintis dalam pelestarian pengetahuan produk budaya Melayu bagi membantu pembangunan reka bentuk dalam keperluan persekitaran yang baru. Literatur kajian ini merangkumi hal artifak senjata Melayu iaitu Lawi Ayam, pengalaman estetik dan interaksi reka bentuk-pengguna. Penerangan metodologi kajian yang terperinci dibuat untuk memastikan pemerolehanMalaya data adalah komprehensif sebelum data bakal dibentangkan. Kajian ini mampu menyumbang dalam; 1) Ilmu pengklasifikasian artifak LA Melayu dariof pefahaman jitu tentang karakteristik reka bentuk, terminologi dan pengetahuan tersirat (falsafah reka bentuk), 2) Ilmu pengalaman estetik berdasarkan pemahaman terhadap tipologi artifak LA Melayu dan gerak tubuh pengguna dengan integrasi hasil dapatan sintaktik artifak ke dalam analisis pragmatik, dan 3) pembangunan sistem hubung kait reka bentuk-pengguna (DUs) dengan implimentasi ilmu reka bentuk Melayu dari pengklasifikasian artifak dan pengalaman estetik pengguna artifak dengan penggunaan teknologi ujian pergerakan mataUniversity terhadap artifak. Ia memberi faedah kepada para pereka produk, penyelidik tingkah laku dan ahli etnografi untuk bidang reka bentuk dan bidang penyelidikan