A Homo heidelbergensis Sampler Steinheim, Germany 250 kya 1200 cc Petralona, Greece 300-400 kya 1220 cc Mauer, Germany (Type Specimen) 400 kya Bodo, Ethiopia Atapuerca, Spain 600 kya 300 kya 1125 cc Kabwe (Broken Hill), Arago, France Zambia 400 kya 1166 cc 300 kya 1300 cc Neanderthal Origins: La Sima de los Heusos Atapuerca, Spain ) “The Pit of Bones” ) 300 kya ) Dozens of individuals ) Classified as H. heidelbergensis ) Proto-Neanderthal features Neanderthal Homo sapiens neanderthalensis ) Neander Valley, Germany 1856 ) Age: 40-50,000 Significance: First human fossil acknowledged as such, and first specimen of Neanderthal. Most dismissed it as a freak, but Doctor J. C. Fuhlrott speculated that it was an ancient human. “Old Man” of La Chapelle H. sapiens neanderthalensis or H. neanderthalensis ) La Chapelle Aux-Saints, France ) Age: 50,000 years ) Cranial Capacity: 1625 cc Early studies of this elderly male mistook symptoms of advanced age for signs of brutishness Kebara 2: “Moshe” Homo sapiens neanderthalensis or Homo neanderthalensis Hyoid Moshe’s fingertip Modern ) Kebara Cave, Israel ) Lynne Shepartz, 1983 ) Age: 60,000 years Neanderthal skeleton, lacking cranium and legs. Includes a modern-looking hyoid (throat) bone and distinctly broad, flat fingertip bones. Omo-Kibbish 1 ) Kimoya Kimeu. 1967 ) Omo Basin, Ethiopia Homo sapiens sapiens ) Age: 130,000 years Perhaps the oldest known fossil of fully modern Homo sapiens sapiens Border Cave, South Africa Homo sapiens sapiens ) 70-130 kya Klasies River Mouth South Africa ) Fossils and footprints ) 117 kya ) Homo sapiens sapiens Qafzeh IX Homo sapiens sapiens Qafzeh cave, Israel, 1969 Qafzeh, Skhul, and others like them were once thought to follow the Middle Eastern Neanderthals in time. However, ESR and TL dating now put them at 90,000 to 100,000 years–older than Middle Eastern Neanderthals. Qafzeh IX Skhul 5 Adult female Adult male Kow Swamp 1 Homo sapiens ) Alan Thorne, 1967 ) Kow Swamp, Australia ) Age: 10,000 years Kow Swamp 1 Kow Swamp 5 These odd-looking skulls have a flattened forehead that Alan Thorne compares with Java erectus; Thorne uses them as supporting evidence for multi- regional evolution of modern humans. Some suggest that Kow 5 may have been artificially deformed. Lagar Velho Homo sapiens? ) Lagar Velho, Portugal, 1998 ) 24,500 years old (later than any true Neandertals) ) Trinkaus & Zilhao ) Modern-like jaw with QuickTime™ and a Photo - JPEG decompressor Neandertal-like skeleton? are needed to see this picture. ) Evidence of lingering Neanderthal traits, from interbreeding? ) Tattersall says no, only a “chunky modern”.