The Dil zhé’é, Hopi, and Yavapai in the Upper and Middle Verde Valley: Their Histories, Landscapes, and Homelands SR 260 Cottonwood-to-Camp Verde Data Recovery Project Angie Kralj KenCairn Vincent E. Randall Technical Report No. 2007-02 Desert Archaeology, Inc. The Dil zhé’é, Hopi, and Yavapai in the Upper and Middle Verde Valley: Their Histories, Landscapes, and Homelands SR 260 Cottonwood-to-Camp Verde Data Recovery Project Angie Kralj KenCairn Vincent E. Randall Technical Report No. 2007-02 Desert Archaeology, Inc. 3975 N. Tucson Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85716 • April 2009 DEDICATION This report is dedicated to the memory of Victor Hiawatha Smith, 1927-2006. Dil zhé’é Apache born to the Ya go gai yin (White Earth Clan) born for Kai’tse hí tidn (Willows Growing Out of Rocks Clan). PREFACE This ethnohistory of the Upper and Middle at the Calkins Ranch site and at two smaller sites Verde Valley is an important part of the basic re- remains to be done. search proposed and partially implemented for the Although the scope of this project is modest, Arizona Department of Transportation State Route the project corridor runs through a rich archaeo- (SR) 260—Cottonwood-to-Camp Verde Archae- logical and historic landscape that deserves more ology Project. Work along 19 miles (31 km) of SR extensive study. Sites important to a number of 260 was planned to occur in four segments be- pre-Columbian and more recent cultural groups tween Mileposts 209 and 228. Archaeological data are nearby, including Tuzigoot, Montezuma Cas- recovery at four sites (Hall 2001a, 2001b) and road tle, and Montezuma Well. As a supplement to the realignment and improvements are complete for archaeological data recovery preceding road im- Segment 1A, Segment 1B, and Segment 2. Con- provements, this report broadens the frame of ref- struction in Segment 3, extending southeast from erence and helps place the project area into a wider Segment 2 and continuing to West Clear Creek, has context in terms of space and time. not currently been scheduled, and data recovery ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Desert Archaeology is grateful to the authors Henry, and Lorin Henry. Chris Coder, the Yava- Angie Kralj KenCairn and Vincent E. Randall, and pai-Apache Tribal Archaeologist, and Beverly to T. J. Ferguson, of Anthropological Research, Malone of the White Mountain Apache Cultural L.L.C., for the depth and quality of research exhib- Center and Museum facilitated the research. ited on this project. Thanks also to the many con- Special thanks are due to Chip Colwell- sultants and advisors who contributed: Victor Chanthaphonh, of Anthropological Research, Smith, Elizabeth Rocha, Katherine Marquez, Sylvia L.L.C., for helping to prepare this document for Wilson, Ed Cassa, Jeanette Cassa, Eva Watt, Levi production. DeHose, Jerome Kessay, Sr., Ramon Riley, Gregg TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ....................................................................................................................................................................iii Preface............................................................................................................................................................................v Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ..............................................................................................................................................................xi List of Tables ..............................................................................................................................................................xiii INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Project Methods ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 DIL ZHÉ’É ETHNOHISTORY OF THE VERDE VALLEY .....................................................................................5 Emergence and Migration..................................................................................................................................... 7 Shí Kéyaa: Homeland ............................................................................................................................................ 8 Social Organization .............................................................................................................................................. 10 Place Names .......................................................................................................................................................... 13 Land Use and Subsistence................................................................................................................................... 14 Significant Cultural Sites ..................................................................................................................................... 20 Trails and Trade.................................................................................................................................................... 22 The Apache Campaigns, Exodus, and Return.................................................................................................. 25 Apache Archaeology............................................................................................................................................ 27 Conclusions: The Dil zhé’é.................................................................................................................................. 30 HOPI ETHNOHISTORY OF THE VERDE VALLEY............................................................................................. 31 Sequapvisa: The Verde Valley ............................................................................................................................ 31 Hopi Clan Migrations .......................................................................................................................................... 32 Hopi Ancestral Sites in the Study Area............................................................................................................. 34 Trails and Trade.................................................................................................................................................... 40 Archaeological Sites in the State Route 260 Right-of-Way.............................................................................. 41 Conclusions: The Hopi Clans of the Verde Valley........................................................................................... 44 YAVAPAI ETHNOHISTORY OF THE VERDE VALLEY .................................................................................... 45 The Yavapai Homeland....................................................................................................................................... 48 Social Organization .............................................................................................................................................. 48 Land Use and Subsistence................................................................................................................................... 50 Significant Cultural Sites ..................................................................................................................................... 53 The Yavapai and the Dil zhé’é............................................................................................................................ 55 Conclusions: Living Along the Hatayakehela.................................................................................................. 56 References Cited ......................................................................................................................................................... 59 LIST OF FIGURES 1. The project area..................................................................................................................................................... 2 2. Significant places within the study area ............................................................................................................ 3 3. Dil zhé’é territory, following Randall ................................................................................................................ 9 4. A Dil zhé’é collecting area ................................................................................................................................. 17 5. Dil zhé’é seek the algerita bush for its berries that ripen in the spring ....................................................... 17 6. Remnants of the Black Canyon store................................................................................................................ 19 7. Wingfield store in Camp Verde, established in 1912 ..................................................................................... 20 8. Glyphs interpreted as water birds at the V-V Rock Art site.......................................................................... 22 9. Ancient and historic trails in the study area ................................................................................................... 23 10. Apache Scouts at Camp Verde.........................................................................................................................