Caring for Historic Graveyard and Cemetery Monuments Guidance and best practice for the assessment, planning and implementation of conservation work to monuments as well as legal frameworks and statutory duties. www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/ caring-historic-graveyard-cemetery-monuments Contents Summary 3 1 Approach 4 2 Historical background 5 Churchyards 5 Burial grounds 6 Cemeteries 6 War cemeteries and war graves 6 3 Monuments 8 Types of monuments 8 Materials 10 4 Deterioration 14 Material properties and decay characteristics 14 Structure 16 Inappropriate treatments 16 5 Legislation 19 Health and safety 19 Statutory designations 19 6 Management 20 Prioritisation of work 20 7 Inspection and assessment 21 Inspection survey process 21 Documentation 21 Condition survey and risk assessment 25 8 Practical treatment 27 Establishing priorities 27 Commissioning conservation work 27 Routine care and maintenance 27 Practical intervention 28 9 Further information 39 Funding 39 Principal sources of advice 39 Other sources of advice 41 Bibliography 41 2 Summary Monuments mark the final resting place of people DEFINITIONS whatever their origins and status.The materials, design, Monuments: throughout this document, the word craftsmanship and inscriptions of these monuments are ‘monuments’ has been used to include outdoor a rich and irreplaceable repository of information that monuments, memorials, sculptures and other symbols of connects us with previous generations and their history. commemoration They continue to be objects of respect but unfortunately, many monuments are also neglected. Churchyards: a burial ground around a church or other place of worship Many burial sites are still in use and provide us with Burial grounds: a pre-Victorian place of burial without a landscapes of cultural, historical and natural interest. place of worship The monuments within them commemorate the deceased, but also have associated historical, communal Cemeteries: a landscaped place of burial and evidential values.The appropriate care of monuments is essential to preserve these values as well as their architectural and aesthetic character. This advice note is intended for anyone interested in or responsible for the conservation of monuments, memorials and sculptural elements within a churchyard, burial ground or cemetery – this includes those who manage burial sites on behalf of local authorities, churches and other bodies, 01 conservation professionals, statutory bodies and volunteer groups. It should be read in conjunction with both Paradise Preserved (published by English Heritage and Natural England in 2007), which introduces the management and conservation of historic cemeteries, and Managing the Safety of Burial Ground Memorials – Practical Advice for Dealing with Unstable Memorials (issued by the Ministry of Justice in January 2009). This note provides guidance and best practice on the 02 assessment, planning and implementation of conservation work to monuments, as well as legal frameworks and statutory duties. Conservation priorities are likely to be directed towards listed monuments but this note relates to all monuments that, due to their condition, are considered to require specialist repair.The guidance is directed primarily towards the conservation of stone as this is the material from which most monuments are made. FRONT COVER IMAGES: IMAGES: Cover Top Left: Headstone Cover Bottom Left: In Kensal 01: West Norwood cemetery is a 02: Holbeck Cemetery, Leeds, is which is leaning and suffering from Green Cemetery the competition typical example of an overgrown a municipal cemetery with a rich lamination but is still structurally for space and the grandiosity of the cemetery containing a variety of diversity of monuments from the stable © Odgers Conservation monuments is evident © OCC monuments of historic value within 19th and 20th centuries. Many have Consultants (OCC) a diverse natural landscape now been damaged, desecrated Cover Bottom Right: Ivy entwined © Clara Willett or laid down for reasons of ‘safety’ Cover Top Middle: A range of around the cross of a monument © OCC monuments showing a variety of – the eventual result of poor styles, stones and ages © OCC maintenance © OCC Cover Top Right: Detail of monument showing lead lettering and loose pointing © OCC 3 1 Approach Deterioration and the effects of weathering are an • Cleaning – Generally to be discouraged as inevitable part of the history of a monument.The inappropriate techniques can cause damage.The need purpose of conservation is to slow down the rate will depend upon the nature of the original material of decay, remove any causes of structural instability and dirt layers to be removed.The aim should always and provide physical security while, at the same time, be to clean in the safest and least invasive manner preserving as much as possible of the historic significance without damaging the underlying material. and original material of the monument. Many aspects of repair and maintenance of historic monuments, especially those involving complex No intervention should ever attempt to alter the structures, require professional involvement. Specialist intended appearance of the original or seek to achieve conservators should be engaged to evaluate the a pristine or highly restored condition. Restoration condition of the materials of construction, and carry out may only be justified in the case of inscriptions of and supervise treatments. Architects and surveyors need significant historic interest, or where decay has become to inspect buildings and larger structures and, in cases of disfigurement, and repairs are able to overcome losses serious structural instability, a structural engineer will be in a way that is still reversible.These criteria are detailed required. Stonemasons and historic building contractors in English Heritage’s Conservation Principles, Policies and should be used to repair headstones, provide temporary Guidance (pp 55–7). support to displaced elements, repoint defective or failed joints and rebuild collapsed or unstable monuments. Successful conservation and repair requires both careful planning and a clear understanding and Volunteers can have a role to play in tackling knowledge of the proposed approaches, methods and maintenance work such as pruning invasive vegetation. materials. Practical treatment should use materials that They can also help with research into monuments and are suitable in terms of performance (for example the production and updating of the condition reports. durability and compatibility) and working properties (for example methods of application and health and safety In all cases, the approach must be one of understanding, implications).Well-developed practical skills are also assessing and carrying out remedial works as the need essential to carry out the work to the required standard. for them becomes apparent – this will prevent more costly conservation work later and also address any Detailed information necessary for step-by-step health and safety concerns. evaluation of the condition and methods of conservation repair work are covered in Sections 6–8 of this 03 publication, but the main areas of practical treatment for monuments are: • Emergency intervention – Enclosing a monument within a barrier or structure to prevent public access while further inspection, stabilisation and more detailed repair are undertaken. In some instances, application of temporary supports or propping to secure displaced elements (which might otherwise become detached and damaged) may be necessary. However, the routine staking of monuments as a general safety measure IMAGE: should not be considered an appropriate emergency 03: The headstone to Thomas intervention. Rosewell in Bunhill Fields, London, although unremarkable, has • Repair – Ranging from repointing open joints, grouting, considerable historical significance. surface stabilisation and treatment of individual Rosewell was tried for high treason by Judge Jeffries and then pardoned elements to complete dismantling and rebuilding. by King Charles II. The headstone was repaired in the 1990s © OCC 4 2 Historical background The majority of extant grave markers are found in enduring expression of the lives and social relationships established burial sites, such as graveyards, churchyards, of the deceased. burial grounds, cemeteries and war cemeteries – all of which are routinely encountered in England. It is More elaborate outdoor monuments began to appear important to distinguish between different types of in the 18th century, as the well-connected ceased burial sites since each one has its own religious and to always be buried inside the church. In the same cultural background. They may also be defined by period, commemoration was no longer reserved for distinctive legal requirements that can affect the upper classes alone, and the use of local materials monument conservation. and craftsmen led to substantial regional variation in monument styles. Surviving monuments are often just a fraction of those CHURCHYARDS originally erected – wooden monuments have generally perished, and older stones were regularly removed The practice of burial in churchyards commonly dates when damaged or no longer cared for. The lack of space from the 8th century AD and assumed a virtual and the fact that only a small proportion of interments monopoly of such space until the 1850s, when cemetery were marked with permanent monuments means burial began to replace churchyard burial especially that surface