AM - UNEP African Industrial Workshop Africa=Regional Industrial review African Preparatory Conference for the World Summit on Sustainable development Nairobi, 15-18 October 2001 UNID9 UNEP African Preparatory Conference for the World Summit on Sustainable Development Nairobi, 15-18 October 2001 African Industrial Workshop Africa—Regional Industrial Review 1(0128125 120202 Preface There have been many responses to Agenda 21 and the widespread dissemination of the concept of sustainable development, some of which may not have been expected. The word "sustainability" has been introduced into everyday conversation, but is often used without thought as to its recent history, context and meaning. The passing of a decade since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992, provides an opportunity to reflect on the irreversible changes that have occurred within industry and in the regulatory climate within which it operates. This report, prepared for UNEP/UNIDO by Professor C.A. Buckley of the Pollution Research Group of the School of Chemical Engineering at the University of Natal in Durban, South Africa, serves to record some of the major events and changes that have occurred in Africa since UNCED. It also serves to record visions for the future in order to provide a platform for debate and discussion on the way ahead. In 1992, there was a vision and a desire to strive for sustainable development. There were goals and there were challenges, but each region had to define its own way forward. During the next 10 years, the lessons of the past must be learned, and diligence and thoughtfulness must characterize our endeavours. 11 CONTENTS Page Preface..........................................................................................................................ii Explanatorynotes ............................................................................................................................................vii ExecutiveSummary........................................................................................................................................viii I. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE THREE DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ............. A. The social dimension............................................................................................................................2 Emigration.........................................................................................................................................3 Science and technology.....................................................................................................................3 Share of the manufacturing sector in total employment ...................................................................4 Share of the mining sector in total employment...............................................................5 Share of the tourism sector in total employment ..............................................................................6 Female—male ratio in manufacturing................................................................................................ 5 Health................................................................................................................................................6 B. The economic dimension...................................................................................................................... 5 Economy-wide net investment..........................................................................................................6 Ratio of trade to GDP........................................................................................................................7 Per capita manufacturing value added in GDP .................................................................................7 Minerals ............................................................................................................................................9 Petroleum and natural gas.................................................................................................................8 Agriculture......................................................................................................10 Trends .............................................................................................................................................10 C. The environmental dimension ............................................................................................................10 1. Share of natural resource-intensive and pollution-intensive in manufacturing value added ..........10 Acid mine drainage..........................................................................................................10 Toxic metals....................................................................................................................10 Potentially toxic substances ............................................................................................. 11 ft (d) Salinity . 11 (e) Suspended solids . 11 2. Energy and water consumption....................................................................................................... 12 (a) Energy............................................................................................................................... 12 (b) Water ................................................................................................................................ 12 3. Emissions of greenhouse gases....................................................................................................... 13 4. Existence of official environmental policies and incentives........................................................... 13 D . Conclusions......................................................................................................................................... 14 II . MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION............................................................................................................ 14 A. Cleaner production programmes and initiatives in Africa.................................................................. 15 1. National cleaner production centres................................................................................................ 15 2. The environmental Capacity Enhancement Project........................................................................ 15 3. Southern African Network for Training on the Environment......................................................... 16 4. Regional workshop on ecologically sustainable industrial development for African Countries .... 16 5. Regional and subregional centres for training and technology transfer under the BaselConvention............................................................................................................................ 16 6. IJNIDO/UNEP industrial and municipal waste management for Africa........................................ 17 7. Southern African Regional Conference on Cleaner Production ..................................................... 17 8. UNEP project: strategies and mechanisms for promoting investment in cleaner production......... 17 9. Carl Duisberg Gesellschaft training programme............................................................................. 17 B. Environmental management systems..................................................................................................17 C. Technical assistance and technology transfer..................................................................................... 18 1 . Cleaner production.......................................................................................................................... 18 2 . Occupational safety and health ....................................................................................................... 19 3. Sustainable industrial development ................................................................................................ 19 Industrial sector support..................................................................................................................19 Rural industry..................................................................................................................................19 Small and medium-scale enterprise support ................................................................................... 20 lv 7. Environment and industrial development....................................................................................... 20 8. Environmental policies for sustainable industrial development . .................................................... 20 9. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol clean development mechanism................................................................................................................ 21 10. Pollution control and waste management: recycling for job creation........................................... 21 D . Multilateral agreements ...................................................................................................................... 21 The Basel Convention..................................................................................................................... 21 Ozone treaties.................................................................................................................................. 21 E. National industrial development