A RECONFIGURABLE SECURED WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS WITH XBEES AND ARDUINO MOLLAH AHMED SHORIF Bachelor of Science, Islamic University of Technology, 2004 A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of the University of Lethbridge in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Lethbridge LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA, CANADA © Mollah Ahmed Shorif, 2014 A RECONFIGURABLE SECURED WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS WITH XBEES AND ARDUINO MOLLAH AHMED SHORIF Date of Defence: December 19, 2014 Dr. Hua Li Associate Professor Ph.D. Supervisor Dr. Gongbing Shan Professor Ph.D. Thesis Examination Committee Member Dr. Wendy Osborn Associate Professor Ph.D. Thesis Examination Committee Member Dr. Howard Cheng Associate Professor Ph.D. Chair, Thesis Examination Committee Dedication To my family. iii Abstract Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consists of many small sensor nodes that utilizes the sensors to collect sensor data and sends the data to the base station. Security in WSN has been a subject well researched for last few years and still many related researches are going on. Authentication with reconfiguration capability is a very important trait for the security of a network. The overall objective of this research is to develop a wireless sensor network which is reconfigurable and secure. I propose a reconfigurable authentication mechanism with on-line key changing capability using encryption. I discuss the types of attacks the proposed authentication can prevent and describe step by step implementation of this pro- posal in hardware. I compare AES with RC4 algorithm in my network setup and show how they react to RSSI, Latency and Throughput in variable parameters. iv Acknowledgments My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor, Dr. Hua Li for his invaluable support, guidance and suggestion throughout my M.Sc. program. Without his supervision and continuous help, this thesis would not have been possible. I would like to thank Dr. Gongbing Shan for his wisdom and insightful advices during our meetings that certainly helped me to shape up my research objective. I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Wendy Osborn for taking the time to review my thesis and giving valuable feedback. Lastly, I am very thankful to all my lab members for their support and help to make this journey a little easier. v Contents Approval/Signature Page ii Contents vi List of Tables viii List of Figures ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background . .1 1.2 Motivation of the Thesis . .2 1.3 Research Objectives . .3 1.4 Main Contribution . .4 1.5 Thesis Organization . .5 2 Wireless Sensor Network and the Security 6 2.1 Introduction to WSNs . .6 2.2 Application of WSNs . .7 2.3 WSNs topologies . .8 2.3.1 Peer-to-Peer networks [8] . .8 2.3.2 Star networks [8] . .8 2.3.3 Tree networks [8] . .9 2.3.4 Mesh networks [8] . 10 2.4 Attacks on WSNs . 10 2.4.1 Physical layer attacks . 11 2.4.2 Data link layer attacks . 12 2.4.3 Network layer attacks . 12 2.4.4 Transport layer attacks . 13 2.4.5 Application layer attacks . 13 2.5 Authentication . 13 2.5.1 User Authentication . 13 2.5.2 Node Authentication . 14 2.5.3 Data Authentication . 14 2.6 Literature review . 14 vi CONTENTS 3 Proposed Secured Reconfigurable WSNs Architecture 19 3.1 Hardware components . 20 3.1.1 Arduino UNO . 20 3.1.2 XBee and its standards . 22 3.1.3 XBee explorer . 24 3.1.4 XBee shield . 25 3.1.5 Temperature sensor . 25 3.1.6 Humidity sensor . 26 3.1.7 Different Wireless Sensor Networks modules . 26 3.1.8 Reason for using XBee and Arduino UNO module . 30 3.2 Software used . 32 3.2.1 Matlab . 32 3.2.2 Arduino UNO IDE . 33 3.2.3 X-CTU . 34 3.2.4 Docklight . 35 3.3 Encryption techniques . 36 3.3.1 RC4 . 36 3.3.2 AES . 37 4 Key Exchange For The Authentication 38 4.1 System architecture . 38 4.1.1 Circuits and wiring . 38 4.1.2 Overview of the key exchange and authentication . 40 4.2 Communication between nodes with encryption . 41 4.2.1 Communication between two individual XBee and Arduino UNO . 41 4.2.2 Encryption and decryption in two XBee and Arduino UNO nodes . 42 4.3 Communication with authentication using encryption . 44 4.3.1 Duplex communication between two nodes with sensor data . 44 4.3.2 Input command in serial monitor of Arduino UNO . 45 4.3.3 Authentication in XBee and Arduino UNO node . 48 4.3.4 Authentication in Matlab . 49 4.3.5 Receiving sensor data from all the nodes simultaneously . 54 5 Performance Analysis and Result 56 5.1 Performance analysis with different feature . 56 5.1.1 Received Signal Strength Indicator . 56 5.1.2 Latency . 60 5.1.3 Throughput . 72 6 Conclusion and Future Works 82 6.1 Contribution . 82 6.2 Conclusion . 84 6.3 Future works . 84 vii List of Tables 2.1 Examples of sensors [1] . .7 3.1 Hardware capability of Arduino UNO [5] . 21 3.2 Comparison between different WSNs nodes . 31 5.1 RSSI values with transmit power for the RC4 . 57 5.2 RSSI values with transmit power for the AES . 58 viii List of Figures 2.1 Peer to Peer network [8] . .8 2.2 Star network [8] . .9 2.3 Tree network [8] . .9 2.4 Mesh network [8] . 10 2.5 Sensor networks protocol stack [9] . 11 3.1 Proposed Wireless Sensor Network architecture . 19 3.2 Arduino UNO [5] . 21 3.3 XBee 802.15.4 module [6] . 23 3.4 XBee explorer module [29] . 24 3.5 XBee shield module [5] . 25 3.6 Temperature sensor [30] . 26 3.7 Humidity sensor [31] . 26 3.8 TelosB module [32] . 27 3.9 Mica2 module [33] . 28 3.10 IRIS module [34] . 28 3.11 XBee and Arduino UNO module [5] [6] . 29 3.12 Waspmote module [35] . 29 3.13 Matlab GUI layout . 32 3.14 Arduino UNO IDE [5] . 34 3.15 X-CTU panel [36] . 35 3.16 Docklight panel [37] . 36 4.1 Circuit architecture with temperature sensor . 39 4.2 Circuit architecture with humidity sensor . 39 4.3 Overview of the authentication concept and procedure . 40 4.4 Communication between two Nodes . 42 4.5 Encryption and decryption in two XBee and Arduino UNO nodes . 43 4.6 Duplex communication between two nodes with sensor data . 45 4.7 Serial Monitor of Arduino UNO . 46 4.8 Engineered Arduino UNO with wires . 48 4.9 Implementing the authentication in XBee and Arduino UNO node . 49 4.10 Key exchange and authentication in Matlab . 50 4.11 A working Matlab GUI with different parts . 51 4.12 Authentication concept with Mesh networking . 53 4.13 GUI shows temperature sensor data shown in Node 1, 2 and 3 windows and humidity sensor data in Node 4 window simultaneously . 55 ix LIST OF FIGURES 5.1 RSSI values with transmit power for the RC4 . 57 5.2 RSSI values with transmit power for the AES . 58 5.3 RSSI values with transmit power for RC4 and AES in 9600 baud rate . 59 5.4 Using mesh network for performance analysis . 61 5.5 Latency values in Node 1 for baud rate 9600 . 62 5.6 Latency values in Node 2 for baud rate 9600 . 63 5.7 Latency values in Node 1 for baud rate 19200 . 64 5.8 Latency values for Node 2 for baud rate 19200 . 64 5.9 Latency values in Node 1 for baud rate 38400 . 65 5.10 Latency values in Node 2 for baud rate 38400 . 65 5.11 Latency values in Node 1 for baud rate 56700 . ..