Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2014 Investigation of visually induced motion sickness: a comparison of mitigation techniques in real and virtual environments Michael Keneke Curtis Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Computer Sciences Commons, Other Psychology Commons, and the Physiology Commons Recommended Citation Curtis, Michael Keneke, "Investigation of visually induced motion sickness: a comparison of mitigation techniques in real and virtual environments" (2014). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 14094. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/14094 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Investigation of visually induced motion sickness: A comparison of mitigation techniques in real and virtual environments by Michael Keneke Curtis A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Human Computer Interaction Program of Study Committee: Stephen B. Gilbert, Major Professor Michael Dorneich Jonathan Kelly Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2014 Copyright c Michael Keneke Curtis, 2014. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION To Gary Maurice Curtis and Lamont Toliver. Thank you for the inspiration and guidance. Rest in peace. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES . vii LIST OF FIGURES . viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . x ABSTRACT . xi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Introduction of Key Terms . .2 1.1.1 Motion Sickness . .2 1.1.2 Simulator Sickness . .2 1.1.3 Simulator Sickness Questionnaire . .3 1.1.4 Visually Induced Motion Sickness (VIMS) . .3 1.1.5 Mitigation . .4 1.1.6 Virtual Environments . .4 1.1.7 Immersive Virtual Environments . .5 1.1.8 Presence . .5 1.1.9 Stereoscopic Acuity . .5 1.1.10 Workload . .6 1.2 Causation Theories . .6 1.3 Hypothesis . .8 1.4 Experiment . .8 1.4.1 Induction Phase . .8 1.4.2 Mitigation Phase . .9 iv CHAPTER 2. BACKGROUND . 10 2.1 Motion Sickness Causation Theories . 10 2.1.1 Pre-modern Causation Theories . 10 2.1.2 Sensory Conflict Theory . 11 2.1.3 Postural Instability Theory . 11 2.1.4 Eye Movement Theory . 12 2.2 Mitigation Techniques . 12 2.2.1 Medication . 12 2.2.2 Physical Activities . 13 2.2.3 Passive Recovery . 15 CHAPTER 3. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS . 16 3.1 Overview . 16 3.2 Participants . 16 3.3 Experimental Design . 16 3.4 Apparatus . 20 3.4.1 Computing Software and Hardware . 20 3.4.2 Display Device . 21 3.4.3 Controllers . 22 3.4.4 Physical Task Apparatus . 23 3.5 Surveys . 23 3.5.1 Demographics . 23 3.5.2 Simulator Sickness Questionnaire . 23 3.5.3 NASA Task Load Index . 24 3.5.4 Presence Questionnaire . 24 3.5.5 Random Dot Stereogram . 24 3.6 Corn Maze . 24 3.7 Mitigation Tasks . 26 3.7.1 Physical Hand-Eye Mitigation Task . 26 3.7.2 Virtual Hand-Eye Mitigation Task . 28 v 3.7.3 Physical Natural Decay . 31 3.7.4 Virtual Natural Decay . 32 3.8 Assumptions . 32 3.8.1 Order of Mitigation Tasks . 34 3.8.2 Sex of Participant . 34 3.8.3 Gaming Experience . 34 3.8.4 Movement Control . 34 3.9 Predictions . 35 3.9.1 Visit . 35 3.9.2 Mitigation Techniques . 35 CHAPTER 4. RESULTS . 36 4.1 Overview . 36 4.2 SSQ Terminology . 36 4.2.1 SSQ Numbering . 36 4.2.2 SSQ Subscales . 36 4.3 Analysis . 37 4.3.1 Demographics and Variables . 37 4.3.2 Statistical Analysis . 41 4.3.3 Assumption Testing . 41 4.3.4 Prediction Testing . 53 4.4 Differences between Mitigation Tasks . 53 4.4.1 Natural Decay . 59 4.4.2 Hand-Eye . 60 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION . 65 5.1 Overview . 65 5.2 Assumptions . 65 5.2.1 Assumption One: Order of Mitigation Tasks . 65 5.2.2 Assumption Two: Sex of Participant . 65 vi 5.2.3 Assumption Three: Gaming Experience . 66 5.2.4 Assumption Four: Movement Control . 66 5.3 Visits . 66 5.4 Hypothesis . 67 5.4.1 Natural Decay . 67 5.4.2 Hand-Eye . 67 5.5 Mitigation Techniques . 68 5.6 Limitations . 69 5.7 Future Work . 70 REFERENCES . 72 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 The Control Change participant groups . 19 Table 3.2 The No Change participant groups . 20 Table 4.1 SSQ scores between real mitigation first and virtual mitigation first were not significantly different. 44 Table 4.2 Females versus males. 46 Table 4.3 Gamers versus non-gamers. 48 Table 4.4 Movement control versus no control. 49 Table 4.5 Control Change versus No Control Change. 52 Table 4.6 Maze SSQs, Visit 1 vs. Visit 2. 55 Table 4.7 Mitigation SSQs, Visit 1 vs. Visit 2. Significant differences found during SSQ5, SSQ7 and SSQ8. 56 Table 4.8 Real mitigation versus virtual mitigation. 57 Table 4.9.