Title: An Analysis of Open World Player versus Player in Lord of the Ring Online's Player versus Monster Player as a Case Study for PvP Games. Abstract: This article proposes a methodological framework for the analysis of Player versus Player (PvP) in online games, based on the case study of Player versus Monster Player (PvMP) in The Lord of the Rings Online (LOTRO). The argument is that although there is a core system of PvP which LOTRO shares with other online games, each type of online game has a specific kind of PvP system which attracts players to engage in the gameplay. For instance, the open world sandbox type of PvP attracts certain players to play in LOTRO's PvMP. One of the main aims of this study is thus to investigate some of the core systems of PvP gameplay in open world sandbox PvP. Some of the core systems of PvP discussed include emergent gameplay, the community's attitudes towards player's behaviours, the gameplay mechanics, and players' communication. Keywords: open world PvP, emergent gameplay, social community's attitudes, free play, negotiated fair play 1. Introduction: The Lord of the Rings Online (LOTRO) is a Massively Multiplayer Online Role- Playing Game (MMORPG) released by Turbine, Inc. on 24 April 2007. It is set in a fantasy universe based on J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle-earth writings. The main portion of LOTRO is Player versus Environment (PvE), which means the player controlled character fights against the computer controlled characters. Player versus Monster Player (PvMP) is another portion of the game. LOTRO's PvMP is open world, and is defined as combat occurring between players in a non-instanced fashion anywhere in the game world permitted by the server ruleset (Unknown author, 2011). It occurs in a large open map situated in a region known as the Ettenmoors. In this region, players can either play as their regular PvE player characters, known as Freeps or as Monster Player characters, known as Creeps. Freep is an abbreviation of the Free People of Middle Earth, while Creeps are the enemies of the Free Peoples of Middle Earth, who are bound to the service of the Eye, the Dark Lord Sauron. Two features are distinctive in LOTRO's PvMP. The first feature is the emergent gameplay which includes players' strategies as a result of players' skill and creativity to overcome the imbalance between the Creep and Freep classes. Since the players can devise novel strategies, they can overcome class disadvantages and exploit class advantages. The second feature is that the same PvMP map has been used since LOTRO's first expansion pack, Shadows of Angmar. The rationale for choosing LOTRO for this case study is the ability for game designers and players to learn how the diverse forms of gameplay and strategies that players create serves as a strong attraction for players to continue playing. Different types of emergent gameplay develop because of the imbalance between Creep and Freep players, and the long-time use of the same map supports the players' emergent behaviour, Therefore, by studying how the implementation of relatively simple rules can contribute to emergent behaviour for players, game designers would be able to design better game worlds to facilitate instead of restrict players’ gameplay behaviour. In the next section of this article, I will review studies which have been conducted on relevant aspects of online games and explain how my study contributes to the literature. Following that, I will discuss the core components of LOTRO and devise some questions that analysts can use when they are investigating the core features of other online games, such as emergent gameplay (Section 3.2), and community attitudes toward players' behavior (Section 3.2.2). Finally, I will conclude my article by summarizing the main findings. 2. Literature Review Most studies conducted on PvP in online games focus on the social interaction between the players (Carr, 2012, Myers, 2007, Thimm, 2012). Jørgensen (2008) investigates the relationship between audio and gameplay from an analysis of PvP Battlegrounds in World of Warcraft. Other studies focus on the player's motivations in gameplay (Kahn et al., 2013, Wolf, 2012), and how the players use the virtual spaces in online games (Hemminger and Schott, 2012). My study contributes to the literature by investigating how players engage in LOTRO's open world PvP where emergent gameplay is prevalent. The process detailing how emergent gameplay develops in open game world environments is under-researched. Taylor's (2006) research on the cultural context of World of Warcraft such as national identity, age, and the mod scene shows that emergent gameplay is a process and systems of stratification and control rise from the bottom up and be strongly implemented in player-produced modifications. My research complements Taylor's (2006) research by showing how emergent gameplay facilitates rather than restricts the players' gameplay behavior in LOTRO. Carr (2012) applied a version of textual analysis by participating in the PvP of World of Warcraft's Warsong Gulch. The analyses show that players interpret the game in different ways, which contributes to tension and conflicts while playing. The research also highlights that a range of research strategies, one of which involves the perspective of the player-analyst, is needed to examine the different aspects of the relationship between game and player, from the design and production contexts on one pole to contexts of reception on the other. Carr's approach of the player-analyst is adopted in this study and applied in the discussion of emergent gameplay in section 3.2. Emergent gameplay develops in world PvP which I define as open ended sandbox gameplay and is highly unpredictable. In this article, I discuss some of these specific wildly fluctuating variables in LOTRO's PvMP (See for example Section 3.2.6). Myers (2007) observed and described individual and selfish play within the PvE and PvP contexts of the MMORPGs, City of Heroes and City of Villains. He argues that cooperative group play within MMORPGs tends to restrict and transform individual and selfish play. Social cooperative play tends to reduce the diversity of individual play, which undermines the ability of PvP to experiment with game components and processes. He mentions the need to conceptualize online social play as a form of social control. While Myers' study focuses on the restrictions of PvP play, he does not analyze how PvP in open sandbox games can contribute to collaborative and competitive play that enables emergent gameplay behavior to emerge. The process through which players experiment with different types of gameplay dynamics for meaningful and playful behavior to emerge in open world PvP is discussed in Sections 3.2.3, 3.2.4, 3.2.5, and 3.2.6. In her analysis of audio in PvP battlegrounds in World of Warcraft (Blizzard), Jørgensen (2008) proposes a framework for the discussion of audio in relation to gameplay. In the framework, there are five audio generators which consist of the player, enemy, ally, game system and gameworld. There is also a division of sounds into internal and external sounds, together with diegetic, extradiegetic, and transdiegetic sounds. Jørgensen's (2008) approach demonstrates that in analysing games, there is a need to divide the features of the game being analysed into its respective components. She also argues for the need to take into account the game's context to fully understand the meaning conveyed by the game component being analysed. In my study, I also divide the discussion of emergent gameplay into different sections, in terms of the gameplay setting (Section 3.2.1), and the types of emergent gameplay strategies devised by the players (Sections 3.2.3, 3.2.4, 3.2.5, and 3.2.6). The discussion of the community's attitudes towards player's behavior is used to contextualise the analyses of the player's emergent gameplay strategies in Sections 3.2.3, 3.2.4, 3.2.5, and 3.2.6. Kahn et al., (2013) have used a mixture of server-side data and survey data to analyze players' motivations for playing online games and how player behavior reflects such motivations. Wolf (2012) has also analyzed the motivational mechanisms of World of Warcraft in relation to the instructional design approach that can be adopted in a highly informal game setting. The social aspect of virtual worlds such as Second Life, in the establishment of a virtual community with other players, was investigated by Thimm (2012). Hemminger and Schott (2012) use a combined approach of questionnaires, participant observations, and interviews to investigate the ways in which players use virtual spaces in online games. For example, players can follow gameplay rules to level up, use emotes and macros to deepen the gameplay experience, and use communication channels for social interaction or to merge real life and game space into a virtual space. Giang et al. (2012) adopted both quantitative and qualitative approaches to study relationship play among young players (9-12 years old) in the virtual world Whyville. Several studies have been conducted on analysing communication in multiplayer games and virtual world communities. For instance, Drachen (2011) formulated a method using protocol analysis to analyse verbal communication between players. The approach was demonstrated by applying it to the analysis of player communication in various role-playing and pen and paper tabletop games to understand the types of communication between the players in playing different games. Thimm (2012) discussed Second Life's interpersonal social communication, including the verbal interaction in text-based chat, voice chat via microphones and headphones, instant messaging and the internal news system, and non- verbal communication in the form of visual contact between avatars, avatars' gestures and mimicry.