(Boophilus) Microplus

(Boophilus) Microplus

UNIVERSITE DE NEUCHÂTEL FACULTE DES SCIENCES INSTITUT DE BIOLOGIE LABORATOIRE DE PARASITOLOGIE EVALUATION OF ACARICIDE RESISTANCE IN THE CATTLE TICK, RHIPICEPHALUS (BOOPHILUS) MICROPLUS, USING A NEW IN VITRO TEST AND MOLECULAR TOOLS THESE Présentée à la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université de Neuchâtel Pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur ès Science par Leonore Lovis Acceptée sur proposition du jury : Prof. Betschart Bruno, (Université de Neuchâtel), Co-directeur de thèse PD Heinz Sager, (Novartis Santé Animale, St-Aubin FR), Co-directeur de thèse PA Maarten Voordouw, (Université de Neuchâtel), Représentant de la faculté Dr Ronald Kaminsky, (Novartis Santé Animale, St-Aubin FR), Examinateur externe Dr Robert J. Miller, (USDA ARS Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, USA), Examinateur externe Dr João Ricardo Martins (Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, FEPAGRO, Brésil), Examinateur externe Soutenue le 4 juillet 2012 Neuchâtel - 2012 - • Université U11~ de Neuchâtel lllll;ji FACULTE DES SCIENCES Secrétariat-Décanat de la faculté Rue Emile-Argand 11 CH-2000 Neuchatel IMPRIMATUR POUR LA THESE. EVALUATION OF ACARICIDE RESISTANCE IN THE CATTLE TICK, RHIPICEPHALUS (BOOPHILUS) MICROPLUS, USING A NEW IN VITRO TEST AND MOLECULAR TOOLS Leonore LOVIS UNIVERSITE DE NEUCHATEL FACULTE DES SCIENCES La Faculté des sciences de l'Université de Neuchâtel, sur le rapport des membres du jury Prof. Betschart Bruno, (Université de Neuchâtel), Co-directeur de thèse PD Heinz Sager, (Novartis Santé Animale, St-Aubin FR), Co-directeur de thèse PA Maarten Voordouw, (Université de Neuchâtel), Représentant de la faculté Dr Ronald Kaminsky, (Novartis Santé Animale, St-Aubin FR), Examinateur externe Dr Robert J. Miller, (USDA ARS Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, USA), Examinateur externe Dr Joao Ricardo Martins (lnstituto de Pesquisas Veterinarias Desidério Finamor, FEPAGRO, Brésil), Examinateur externe autorise l'impression de la présente thèse. Neuchâtel, le 18 septembre 2012 Le doyen : 11rt lA-.f Téléphone : +41 32 718 21 00 E-mail : secretariat.sciences~unine.ch www.unine.ch/sciences Resistance like life is poorly understood and like death is inevitable M. Mitchell Table of content 1. Résumé ......................................................................................................................................XI 2. Abstract ................................................................................................................................... XIII 3. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... - 1 - 3.1. Description of the parasite .............................................................................................. - 1 - 3.1.1. Systematics of ticks and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus .................................. - 1 - 3.1.2. Life cycle .................................................................................................................. - 1 - 3.1.3. Ecology .................................................................................................................... - 2 - 3.1.4. Host specificity ........................................................................................................ - 3 - 3.1.5. Differential diagnosis of R. (B.) microplus ................................................................. - 3 - 3.1.6. Role as vector of tick-borne pathogens .................................................................... - 4 - 3.2. Economic impact on cattle industry................................................................................. - 6 - 3.2.1. Direct effects ........................................................................................................... - 6 - 3.2.2. Indirect effects and treatment costs ........................................................................ - 6 - 3.3. Tick control and resistance .............................................................................................. - 7 - 3.3.1. History of acaricidal compound classes : their introduction on the market and emergence of resistance .......................................................................................... - 7 - 3.3.1.1. Arsenicals ........................................................................................................ - 7 - 3.3.1.2. Organochlorines .............................................................................................. - 8 - 3.3.1.3. Organophosphates and carbamates ................................................................ - 8 - 3.3.1.4. Amidines ......................................................................................................... - 8 - 3.3.1.5. Synthetic pyrethroids ...................................................................................... - 9 - 3.3.1.6. Macrocyclic lactones ....................................................................................... - 9 - 3.3.1.7. Phenylpyrazols ...............................................................................................- 10 - 3.3.1.8. Growth regulators ..........................................................................................- 10 - 3.3.1.9. Spinosyns .......................................................................................................- 10 - 3.3.2. Current distribution of the resistance to acaricides .................................................- 11 - 3.3.2.1. Maps of resistance distribution at the country level .......................................- 11 - 3.3.2.2. Literature overview ........................................................................................- 13 - 3.3.3. Mode of actions of acaricides .................................................................................- 13 - 3.3.3.1. Reminder of the basics of the transmission of nerve impulses in the nervous system. .........................................................................................................- 13 - 3.3.3.2. Arsenicals .......................................................................................................- 14 - 3.3.3.3. Organochlorines .............................................................................................- 14 - 3.3.3.4. Organophosphates .........................................................................................- 14 - 3.3.3.5. Amidines ........................................................................................................- 14 - 3.3.3.6. Synthetic pyrethroids .....................................................................................- 15 - 3.3.3.7. Macrocyclic lactones ......................................................................................- 15 - VII 3.3.3.8. Fipronil ...........................................................................................................- 15 - 3.3.3.9. Growth regulators ..........................................................................................- 15 - 3.3.3.10. Spinosad ........................................................................................................- 16 - 3.3.4. Mechanisms of resistance in R. (B.) microplus .........................................................- 16 - 3.3.4.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................- 16 - 3.3.4.2. Interest of studying mechanisms of resistance ...............................................- 17 - 3.3.4.3. Resistance mechanisms ..................................................................................- 17 - 3.4. Diagnosis of resistance ...................................................................................................- 18 - 3.4.1. Bioassays ................................................................................................................- 19 - 3.4.1.1. Adult Immersion Test .....................................................................................- 21 - 3.4.1.2. Larval Packet Test ...........................................................................................- 22 - 3.4.1.3. Larval Immersion Test ....................................................................................- 24 - 3.4.2. Biochemical tools....................................................................................................- 25 - 3.4.3. Molecular tools.......................................................................................................- 25 - 3.5. A sustainable approach of cattle tick control to delay resistance development...............- 26 - 3.6. Concluding remark .........................................................................................................- 27 - 3.7. Objectives ......................................................................................................................- 29 - 4. Results ...................................................................................................................................... 31 4.1. Chapitre 1 : A new in vitro test to evaluate the resistance level against acaricides of the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus .................................................................. 33 4.2. Chapitre 2: In vitro diagnosis of the first case of amitraz resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus in Santo Tomé (Corrientes), Argentina................................................................ 47 4.3. Chapitre 3: Determination of Acaricide

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