Evolution of the 1659 Christiaan Huygens coins the term “centrifugal force” in his 1659 De Vi Centrifuga. Huygens Laboratory also discovered Saturn’s moon Titan, invented the pendulum clock, and pioneered work on Centrifuge games of chance. Sponsored by: Christiaan Huygens mv2 F=mω2r= r r 1730 Military engineer Benjamin v=rω Robins develops a whirling apparatus to determine drag. ω=2xn 18 1864 Antonin Prandtl developed and commercialized the first dairy centrifuge for separating cream 60 1869 from milk. Friedrich Miescher was the first to adopt a crude centrifuge for laboratory application, using it to isolate a cell oragelle. This process led to the discovery of an important class of biological constituents, later to be 1879 known as nucleic acids. Gustaf de Laval, a Swedish engineer and inventor, Friedrich Miescher demonstrates the first continuous centrifugal separator, leading to the widespread commercialization of the technology for the first time. Gustaf de Laval 19 00 Theodor Svedberg, a Swedish colloid chemist, develops the first ultracentrifuge. Capable of achieving 900,000 × g, Svedberg used his centrifuge to determine the molecular weight and subunit structure of highly complex proteins such as hemoglobin. Theodor Svedberg 1920 1926 1930 Svedberg receives a Nobel 1930 Prize for the invention of the Émile Henriot developed a ultracentrifuge and his work in colloid chemistry. centrifuge able to achieve high Albert Claude and James rotational speeds by means Potter published a landmark of a bearingless top, driven 1930s paper, "Isolation of Chromatin and supported by compressed Edward Pickels and Johannes Threads from the Resting air. This transitioned the 1930s Bauer together build the first Nucleus of Leukemic Cells". Martin Behrens developed ultracentrifuge out of the high-speed vacuum centrifuge This paper outlined a series of centrifugation techniques using realm of a purely analytical suitable for the study of centrifugation steps in which density gradients of nonaqueous instrument and into sample filterable viruses. Later, Pickels either the supernatant or the solvents for the separation preparation. went on to develop the more sediment was collected until of nuclei. His approach to convenient, electrically driven chromatin threads were retrieved tissue fractionation aimed to ultracentrifuge. from the final sediment. isolate one or more identifiable components from disrupted cells 1942 that could be physically and chemically characterized. 1949 Spinco introduces 1946 Edward Pickels cofounded Spinco the Model L, the first 1940s (Specialized Instruments Corp.) preparative ultracentrifuge Ivan Sorvall started Sorvall in in Belmont, California, and to reach a speed of 40,000 rpm, the 1940's, and invented the marketed an ultracentrifuge and marking a change in the Superspeed centrifuge, the SS-1, based on his design. However, 1950 fortunes of Spinco. Myron K. Brakke, while working an open tripod tabletop unit. sales of the technology remained at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden low and Spinco nearly went developed density gradient bankrupt in the early years. centrifugation, a tool that allowed for the purification of virus particles and ushered 1954 in a new era of virology and Beckman Instruments 1955 molecular biology research. 1958 purchases Spinco and begins Sorvall introduces floor standing Matthew Meselson and J.F. to improve the design of unit with refrigeration. Stahl centrifuged DNA, giving centrifuges, many of which are evidence for Watson & Crick's Arnold Orville Beckman still in use today. proposed mechanism of DNA 1962 replication. Netheler & Hinz Medizintechnik, a company based in Hamburg, Germany, and known today as Eppendorf, developed the first microcentrifuge for laboratory use. 1976 The world’s first microprocessor controlled centrifuge was launched at ACHEMA by Hettich. This innovation was considered ahead of its time, and arrived many years before this technology became standard. The first robotic centrifuge is introduced by Hettich – this centrifuge offered PC control and adjustable rotor positioning. 1900s 1900s Advances in materials science see the widespread adoption of carbon fiber rotors which allow for acceleration using unmatched g-forces without compromising sample capacity 20 or risk of metal fatigue. 2000 Eppendorf introduces the 2000s innovative cooled 5415D This period see the expansion of centrifuge. personal centrifuges such as the 00 MiniSpin and MyFuge. Economical and convenient, they drive a new market trend toward centrifuges ideal for quick spin downs of microtubes and PCR tubes. 2010s Advances in ergonomics and Sponsored by: safety continue including easy and secure rotor attachment, instant rotor identification, and self-opening doors..