Hazardous sub- stances in plastics Survey of chemical substances in consumer products No. 132, 2014 Title: Reporting: Hazardous substances in plastics Erik Hansen (COWI A/S) Nils Nilsson (Danish Technological Institute) Kristine Slot Ravnholt Vium (Danish Technological Institute) Published by: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency Strandgade 29 1401 Copenhagen K Denmark www.mst.dk/english Year: ISBN no. 2014 978-87-93283-31-2 Disclaimer: When the occasion arises, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency will publish reports and papers concerning re- search and development projects within the environmental sector, financed by study grants provided by the Danish Envi- ronmental Protection Agency. It should be noted that such publications do not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. However, publication does indicate that, in the opinion of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, the content represents an important contribution to the debate surrounding Danish environmental policy. Sources must be acknowledged. 2 Hazardous substances in plastics Contents Foreword ....................................................................................................................... 7 Conclusion and summary .............................................................................................. 8 Sammenfatning og konklusioner ................................................................................. 11 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 14 2. Identification of relevant substances .................................................................... 15 3. Hazardous substances in plastics ........................................................................ 18 3.1 Introduction to the information presented.......................................................................... 19 3.2 Antimicrobial substances .....................................................................................................27 3.2.1 Arsenic and arsenic compounds ............................................................................27 3.2.2 Bis(tributyltin)oxide (TBTO) ................................................................................ 28 3.2.3 Organic tin compounds (tributyltin, triphenyltin) .............................................. 29 3.2.4 Triclosan ................................................................................................................ 30 3.3 Blowing agents ..................................................................................................................... 32 3.3.1 C,C'-azodi(formamide) (ADCA) ........................................................................... 32 3.3.2 Chloromethane, methyl chloride .......................................................................... 33 3.3.3 Fluorinated greenhouse gasses (HFCs, PFCs and SF6)....................................... 33 3.4 Heavy metal based colorants, stabilisers and catalysts .......................................................35 3.4.1 Cadmium and cadmium compounds ....................................................................35 3.4.2 Chromium and chromium compounds ................................................................ 36 3.4.3 Chromium trioxide .................................................................................................37 3.4.4 Cobalt(II) diacetate ................................................................................................37 3.4.5 Lead and lead compounds .................................................................................... 38 3.4.6 Lead chromate ....................................................................................................... 39 3.4.7 Lead chromate molybdate sulphate red (C.I. Pigment Red 104) ........................ 40 3.4.8 Lead sulfochromate yellow (C.I. Pigment Yellow 34) ........................................... 41 3.4.9 Mercury and mercury compounds ........................................................................ 41 3.5 Flame retardants .................................................................................................................. 44 3.5.1 Boric acid ............................................................................................................... 44 3.5.2 Brominated flame retardants ............................................................................... 45 3.5.3 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and all major diastereoisomers ...............47 3.5.4 Molybdenum trioxide ........................................................................................... 48 3.5.5 Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate............................................................................... 49 3.5.6 Tris(2-chlor-1-methylethyl)phosphate (TCPP) .................................................... 50 3.5.7 Bis(hexachlorocyclopentadieno) cyclooctane ...................................................... 50 3.5.8 Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) .................................................................. 51 3.5.9 Ethylene (bistetrabromophthalimide) (EBTEBPI) .............................................. 52 3.5.10 Tetrabromobisphenol A bis (2,3-dibromopropyl) ether (TBBPA-BDBPE) .........53 3.5.11 Tris(tribromoneopentyl) phosphate (TTBNPP) ...................................................53 3.5.12 Tris(tribromophenoxy) triazine (TTBPTAZ) ....................................................... 54 3.5.13 Triphenyl phosphate ..............................................................................................55 3.5.14 Bisphenol A bis-(diphenyl phosphate) (BAPP).....................................................55 3.5.15 Melamine cyanurate.............................................................................................. 56 Hazardous substances in plastics 3 3.5.16 Melamine polyphosphate ...................................................................................... 57 3.5.17 N-alkoxy hindered amine reaction products ........................................................ 57 3.5.18 Phosphonate oligomer, polyphosphonate............................................................ 58 3.5.19 Poly(phosphonate-cocarbonate) .......................................................................... 58 3.5.20 Resorcinol bis-diphenylphosphate ....................................................................... 59 3.5.21 Aluminium diethylphosphinate............................................................................ 60 3.5.22 Aluminium hydroxide ........................................................................................... 60 3.5.23 Ammonium polyphosphate (NH4 PO3)n ............................................................... 61 3.5.24 Magnesium hydroxide .......................................................................................... 62 3.5.25 Red phosphorus .................................................................................................... 62 3.5.26 Zinc borate ............................................................................................................. 63 3.5.27 Tetrabromobisphenol A bis (allyl ether) .............................................................. 64 3.5.28 1,2,5,6- tetrabromocy-clo- octane (TBCO) ........................................................... 64 3.5.29 2,4,6- tribromophenyl allyl ether ......................................................................... 65 3.5.30 Tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3- di-bromopropyl ether) (TBBPA- DBPE), with dicumene for XPS and dicumyl peroxide for EPS, as usual synergists ...... 65 3.5.31 Ethylenebis (tetrabro-mophthalimide) (EBTPI) ................................................. 66 3.5.32 Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) ..................................................................67 3.5.33 Diphenyl cresyl phosphate.................................................................................... 68 3.5.34 6H-Dibenz[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphorin, 6-oxide (DOPO)......................................... 68 3.5.35 Poly-(m-phenylene methylphosphonate)(Fyrol PMP) ........................................ 69 3.5.36 Phosphoric acid, diethyl-, aluminium salt ........................................................... 69 3.5.37 1,3,4-Metheno-1H-cyclobuta[cd]pentalene (MIREX) ......................................... 70 3.5.38 Antimony trioxide .................................................................................................. 71 3.5.39 Trixylyl phosphate.................................................................................................. 71 3.5.40 TDCP (Tris[2-chloro-1-(chloromethyl)ethyl] phosphate) ....................................72 3.5.41 Tetrakis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-m-phenylene biphosphate ...................................73 3.6 Monomers, cross linkers, hardeners, chain modifiers and catalysts ..................................74 3.6.1 Acrylamide..............................................................................................................74 3.6.2 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol, (4-tert-Octylphenol) ................................... 75 3.6.3 Bisphenol A (BPA) .................................................................................................76 3.6.4 Formaldehyde ........................................................................................................ 77 3.6.5 Formaldehyde, oligomeric