by Slims Llttle Jack McCormlck 4ohn W. Andresen U.S.D.A. FOREST SERVICE RESEARCH PAPER NE- 164 1970 NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION. UPPER DARBY. PA. FOREST SERVICE, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE RICHARD D. LANE. DIRECTOR FOREWORD HE AUTHORS have attempted to include in this bibliography all T articles that contain significant original information about pitch pine or that are comprehe~sivereview; Secondary sources, such as text- books that briefly review the literature on specifi; subjects, are omitted. Articles on local floras are included only if they provide new, revised, or more detailed information about the distribution or abundance of pitch pine. The bibliography is undoubtedly incomplete. Significant articles in foreign languages may have escaped our notice-as well as some published in this country. In addition, publications on new research results will soon make this bibliography out of date. The authors will welcome references to articles that should be included in any revision. The table of contents lists the subjects under which the references have been placed. The arrangement is by (1) subject, (2) author in alphabetical order, and (3) date of publication. Papers that include information on more than one of the subject categories are listed only under the subject most strongly emphasized in the paper. Consequently, users of this bibliography should examine references listed under related subjects for papers that might be pertinent to their interests. For example, references to papers dealing with prescribed burning may be found in four places: (1) in the section on Silviculture alzd Muiza~emelztunder Natural Regeneration; in the section on Forest Ecology under both (2) Plant Sociology and (3) Atnzos- pheric a?ld Biotic Relatio~zs;and (4) in the section on Forest Damage and Protection under Fire. To facilitate use of the bibliography, an index of authors is included. This index is arranged alphabetically by authors' surnames and initials, and it lists for each author or co-author the numbers of references included in the bibliography. A few committee reports and government publications are listed under the titles of the organization or committee, but only those in which the principal author is not identified. Though in the annotations the authors attempted to abstract very briefly the information in each paper, the abstracts are necessarily incomplete. THE AUTHORS SILAS LITTLE is a principal silviculturist for the North- eastern Forest Experiment Station, Upper Darby, Pa. He received his B.S. degree from Massachusetts State College and M.F. and Ph.D degrees from Yale University. Since 1936 he has been employed by the USDA Forest Service, mostly on silvicultural and fire research in New Jersey, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. Several of his studies in New Jersey have dealt with pitch pine. JACK McCORMICK is chairman of the Department of Ecology and Land Management of The Acadamy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. His degrees include a B.S. from Butler University and a Ph.D from Rutgers University. He was formerly in charge of vegetation studies at The American Museum of Natural History and later was an assistant pro- fessor of botany at Ohio State University. He became inter- ested in pitch pine while studying the vegetation of the New Jersey Pine Barrens for his Ph.D thesis. JOHN W. ANDRESEN is chairman of the Forestry Depart- ment of Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. He re- ceived his B.S. degree from the New York State University College of Forestry at Syracuse University and his Ph.D. degree from Rutgers University. He taught at Rutgers Uni- versity and Michigan State University before going to Southern Illinois University. Like McCormick, he became interested in pitch pine while a graduate student at Rutgers University. CONTENTS Page DISTRIBUTION & RESOURCE STATISTICS ... 1 Distribution ............................. 1 Resource Statistics ........................ 12 BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS .......... 15 Taxonomy .............................. 15 Chemistry. physiology. and morphology (including radiation effects) .............. 18 Races and hybrids ........................ 24 FOREST ECOLOGY ....................... 27 Silvical characteristics ..................... 27 Atmospheric and biotic relations (including fire) 33 Edaphic and geological relations .............. 36 Plant sociology .......................... 43 SILVICULTURE & MANAGEMENT ......... 53 General ................................ 53 Seed collection. storage. and treatment ........ 55 Nursery practice (including vegetative propagation) .......................... 57 Seeding and planting ...................... 59 Natural regeneration (including harvest cutting. seedbed treatment. and release) ............ 71 Stand improvement ....................... 75 Tree measurement (including volume tables) . 75 Stand growth and development (including yields) 77 FOREST DAMAGE & PROTECTION ........ 78 Weather (including salt spray) ............. 78 Fire ................................... 79 Animals ................................ 83 Diseases ................................. 85 Insects ................................. 91 WOOD TECHNOLOGY & UTILIZATION ... 96 AUTHOR INDEX ........................ 99 Distribution 1. Ashe, W. W. 1893. Notes on the forest resources of North Carolina. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 10: 5-25. Pitch pine occurs in Surry, Wilkes, Caldwell, Burke, McDowell, and Polk Counties as well as in the mountain counties south of the French Broad River. 2. Bartholomew, Elizabeth Ann. 1948. Flora of Wirt County, West Virginia. Castanea 13: 145-166. Occurrence of pitch pine is mentioned. 3. Besley, F. W. 1916. The forests of Maryland. 152 pp., illus. Md. State Board Forestry. Pitch pine occurs in southern, central, and western Maryland, but not on the Eastern Shore. 4. Bicknell, Eugene P. 1908. The ferns and flowering plants of Nantucket. Torrey Bot. Club Bull. 35: 49-62. Pitch pine is the most abundant and conspicuous tree on Nantucket Island. 5. Billings, W. D., S. A. Cain, and W. B. Drew. 1937. Winter key to the trees of eastern Tennessee. Castanea 2: 29-44. Pitch pine is included in the key and is listed among trees occur- ring in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. 6. Blakeslee, A. F., and C. D. Jarvis. 1911. New England trees in winter. Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 69. 576 pp., illus. Storrs. Contains a key to tree species and a description of each, including its range, especially in New England. Pitch pine occurs rarely in Litchheld County, but is common elsewhere in Connecticut. 7. Brooks, A. B. 1920. West Virginia trees. W. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 175. 242 pp., illus. Contains a key to and description of tree species in West Virginia. Pitch pine occurs in 27 West Virginia counties, mostly on dry sandy soils of hillsides. 8. Brown, H. P. 1921. Trees of New York State, native and naturalized. N. Y. State Coll. Forestry Tech. Pub. 15. 433 pp., illus. Briefly describes the habit, leaves, flowers, fruit, bark, habitat, range, and use of pitch pine. Contains leaf, fruit, and twig keys to thc New York species. 9. Burnham, Stewart H. 1913. The flora of the sand barrens of southern Staten Island. Torreya 13: 249-25 5. Between Rossville and Kreischerville, Staten Island, N: Y., pitch pine occurs in sandy wastes, along with blackjack, post, and black oalis. Other associated plants are mentioned. 10. Carr, Lloyd G. 1940. Further notes 011 coastal flora elements in the bogs of Augusta County, Virginia. Rhodora 42: 86-93. Pitch pinc occurs in Magnolia Swamp. 11. Chittenden, Alfred K. 1905. Forest conditions of northern New Hampshire. U. S. Dep. Agr. Bur. Forestry Bull. 55. 100 pp., illus. Pitch pine occurs chiefly on sandy soils in the Saco watershed. especially near Silver and Ossipee Lakes. Most pitch pine stands have been burned repeatedly, and trees are short and stunted. 12. Core, Earl L. 1950. Notes on the plant geography of West Virginia. Castanea 15 : 62-79, illus. Pitch pine occupies large areas in the Appalachians on dry ridges, flats, and slopes, often in pure stands, and especially on old fields. Pitch pine occurs in 28 counties-in the shale barrens and in the scrub oak, chestnut oak, scarlet oak-black oak, shortleaf pine-scrub pine, and white pine-chestnut oak-chestnut types. 13. Critchfield, William B., and Elbert L. Little, Jr. 1965. Geographic distribution of the pines of the world. U. S. Dep. Agr. Misc. Pub. 991. 97 pp., illus. Briefly describes and illustrates the range of pitch pine. Pitch pine is thought to cross naturally with shortleaf and loblolly pines and to intergrade in Delaware and southern New Jersey with pond pine. 14. Dayton, William A. 1953. Geography of conl~nerciallyimportant United States trees. J. Forestry 51 : 276-279. Pitch pine is merely listed as a species occurring only east of the Mississippi River. 15. Deam, Charles C. 1931. Trees of Indiana. Ind. Dep. Conserv. Pub. 13. 326 pp., illus. Though pitch pine had been reported in Clark County, it is not native. 16. Deane, Walter. 1909. Notes from Shelburne, New Hampshire. Rhodora 11: 21- 22. Pitch pine occurs in limited numbers in Coos County, the largest tree being 60 feet tall. (See also Rhodora 12: 99.) 17. Dutlinger, F. H. 1723. The Sproul State Forest. Forest Leaves 19: 24-26. Pitch pine formed the original stands at higher elevations in the Sproul Forest of Clinton and Centre Counties, Pa. 18. Eggleston, W. W., George L. Kirk, and J. G. Underwood. 1715. Flora of Vermont. List of ferns and seed plants grow- ing without cultivation. Vt. Agr. Exp.