Fundamental Physics Research on the ISS - ClPlComplex Plasmas and dbd beyond Gregor Morfill MaxMax--PlanckPlanck Institut für extraterrestrische Physik Fundamental Physics Workshop (RAL , 3 . 5 . 2006) Plasmas - the ´´fourthfourth state of mattermatter´´-- are also the most disordered state. However, so-called ´complex plasmas´ can exist as ordered liquids and crystals as well as gases. In addition they can be studied at the individual particle level. The talk focusses on some fundamental properties of these stltrongly coup ldtled systems an d on p lanne dftdld future developmen ts on thISSthe ISS. Thanks go to: all my colleagues at MPE, who participate(d) in this research, my Russian partners V . Fortov , O . Petrov , V . Molotkov , A . Lipaev (all IHED) and the Cosmonauts, who performed some of the experiments. Special thanks also to: DLR/BMBF, Kayser-Threde GmbH, RSA, RKK-Energia, TSUP 1 What are ´Complex´Complex Plasmas´Plasmas´?? • CifilConsist of ions, electrons and chdharged microparticles (plus neutral gas), overall charge neutral • The ((g)large) microp articles can be visualised individually • The mitilbicroparticles can be dynamically dominant (mass density ⋍ 100 times larger than neutral gas density and ⋍10 million times larger than the ion density) • Time scal es are ´stthdtretched´- the (complex) plasma frequency is ~ 100Hz 2 Complex Plasmas –a new state of matter • The name was chosen in analogy to ´Complex Fluids´ • Complex Plasmas are the 4th state of this so-called ´soft matter´ ThomasThe states and Morfill, of Nature (1995) ´soft matter´ • Complex Plasmas can exist ComplexLiquid plasmas plasmas as essentially one-component or two-comppyonent systems Aerosol Crcloudsyypstalline plasmas • Complex Plasmas can be Complex electrolytes strongly coupled and can Complex fluids exist in gaseous, liquid and crystalline states Granular liquids Granular solids 3 Discovery of liquid and crystalline plasmas gaseous liquid crystalline Thomas et al., PRL (1994), Chu and I, PRL (1994), Thomas and Morfill, Nature (1996)4 Why can Complex Plasmas selfself--organise?organise? The interaction between the microparticles is electrostatic (repulsive screened Coulomb pottil)ltential) … plus an att tttiractive par t… Charged microparticle Debye sphere - - + + 2λ~100a Complex plasmas are ´optically thin´ up to ~ 10 cm in depth PKE-Nefedov 5 Why can Complex Plasmas selfself--organise?organise? The interaction between the microparticles is electrostatic (repulsive screened Coulomb pottil)ltential) … plus an att tttiractive par t… Charged microparticle CCD video camera grounded electrode macro lens Debye sphere particles - laser sheet ‘shunt’ - 13.56 MHz resistor generator+ RFRF--electrodeelectrode+ The order parameters are: matching ring cylindrical laser network (copper) lens Γ = ES energy / Kinetic energy 2λ≥100a Κ = ppp/article separation / shielding distance 6 Experiments in Space The microparticles (a few µm diameter) have masses ≥ 1012 atitomic masses. Hence gravity is a major factor and high precision experiments require microgravity. Since 2001 MPE and IHED (Moscow) have been conducting experiments on the ISS with complex plasma laboratories: PKEPKE--NefedovNefedov (2001(2001--2005)2005) PKPK--3Plus3Plus (since 2006) PK-4(i4 (in ph ase A/B , co-co-financed ESA/DLR) In addition there has been a great deal of laboratory research on Earth. 7 Location of PKE-Nefedov and PK -3Plus on the ISS ISS Service Module Both labo r atori es are located within the transfer compartment 8 PKE-Nefedov ~ 50 kg Sergei K. Krikalev 9 PKE-NefedovPKPK--3Plus3Plus plasma plasma laboratory laboratory (ISS(ISS 2001 s ince-2005) 2006) 10 ´Plasma-Lab´ a plan for a fundamental physics laboratory in space (on the ISS) and some major research aims… Proppyosal outline formulated by: Vladimir Fortov and Gregor Morfill (with the help of many partners and colleagues in Russia and Europe - and based in part on the ESA IAO 2004) 11 Plasma-Lab: a new ESA ,DLR ,Russia initiative BE condensation Based on the IMPACT facility The plans are to develop and build a modular science rack system for installation on the new Russian MLM module on the International Space Station. By utilising the same infrastructure for several experiment (laboratory) inserts, considerable cost savings are possible. 12 Plasma-Lab: a new ESA ,DLR ,Russia initiative BE condensation First science insert: RF plasma laboratory (tiftthtiti)(equation of state, phase transitions) Second science insert: BEC gas (and quantum plasma) laboratory Third science insert: DC/RF plasma laboratory (kinetic study of liquids) 13 Plasma-Lab: a new ESA ,DLR ,Russia initiative BE condensation 1000 er year pp Granular materials Bose-Einstain condensates ications Colloidal suspensions ll Complex (dusty) plasmas Pub 100 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 Year 14 Plasma-Lab: a new ESA ,DLR ,Russia initiative First science insert: RF plasma laboratory (adaptive electrodes) Main scientific aims: • explore the equation of state of this 4th state of soft matter (crystalline, liquid, gaseous) • investigate the physics at the ´critical point´ at the most basic (particle dynamics) level • investigate the onset of catastrophic transitions at the most elementaryy( (kinetic) level • research the origin of (non(non--equilibrium,equilibrium, nonlinear) phase transitions etc. 15 thiffhe equation of state of ´complllex plasmas´ 1Are1. Are ´complex plasmas´ a new state of matter? 2. If so, what is the thermodynamics? 3. Is there any new physics , and what is it? 16 Equation of state of Complex Plasmas: NonNon--HamiltonianHamiltonian physics Two effects are responsible for the non-Hamiltonian properties of Complex Plasmas: Sir William Rowan Hamilton: „On a general method in dynamics“ (1835) 1) Charge fluctuations, making the interaction potential time/space dependent 2 H(q, p) = ∑ pi /2mi +U+ U 2) Charge ´cannibalism´, making the interaction potential qν = ∂H/∂pν pν= - ∂H/∂qν density dependent Hamiltonian formalism is used to Studying non-Hamiltonian describe all physical systems (set of physics with complex plasmas movitil)thtding particles) that undergo (ililblitl(an easily available experimental changes by processes that maximise system) at the most elementary or minimise ´action´. kinetic level opens a whole new field of research in fundamental physics. Ivlev et al. (2004, 2005), Havnes et al. (1984) 17 Equation of state of Complex Plasmas: NonNon--HamiltonianHamiltonian physics Two effects are responsible for the non-Hamiltonian properties of Complex Plasmas: Sir William Rowan Hamilton: „On a general method in dynamics“ (1835) 1) Charge fluctuations, making the interaction potential time/space dependent 2 H(q, p) = ∑ pi /2mi +U+ U 2) Charge ´cannibalism´, making the interaction qν = ∂H/∂pν pν= - ∂H/∂qν potential density dependent Hamiltonian formalism is used to Studying non-Hamiltonian describe all physical systems (set of physics with complex plasmas movitil)thtding particles) that undergo (ililblitl(an easily available experimental changes by processes that maximise system) at the most elementary or minimise ´action´. kinetic level opens a whole new field of research in fundamental physics. Ivlev et al. (2004, 2005), Havnes et al. (1984) 18 Example: the ´classical tunnel effect´ Morfill et al., NJP (2006) 19 The ´classical tunnel effect´ Charge cannib ali sm: the available charge is redistributed from 3 to 4 particles, reducing the interstitial potential well and allowing particle penetration. 20 CounterCounter--example:example: why doesn´doesn´tt it work here? Ivlev et al., NJP (2005) 21 Example: Study of kinetic properties of liquids at the ´critical´critical point´point´ Near the critical point, systems attain a universal power law behaviour of thermodynamic and transport properties (as function of an ordtder parameter – e.g. dit)density)*. • This implies that the systems lose allmemoryofscalesall memory of scales – why? • We wish to explore the kinetic origin of this phenomenon. • Experiments planned on the International Space Station. *(K. Wilson, 1982) 22 ment (2005) 9 With decreasing pressure the range of attractive interaction increases and Tc increases too. For example at p = 3 Pa we have maximal μ Tc = 2 eV at a ~ 5 m. Khrapak et al. (PRL, 2005) 23 Universality and Scaling near the critical point: 1) Do Non-Hamiltonian systems have a Critical Point? 2) What is the Universality Class of liquid complex plasmas? PK-3Plus 3) What are the Order Parameters? 4) What is the effect of finite particle size and inertia? 5) What is the origin of the scale -free PK-4 behaviour, when viewed at the fundamental (kinetic) level? 6) What is the physics at the critical point in anisotropic systems? etc. 24 IMPACT Plasma-Lab: a new ESA ,DLR ,Russia initiative BE condensation Second science insert: BEC gas (and quantum plasma) laboratory Main scientific aims: • produce massive, longlong--livedlived BECs and investigate their properties • investigate the physics of interacting BEC gases at the most basic (particle dynamics) level • investigate the formation of BEC crystals and their ppproperties • research the possibility of BoseBose--FermiFermi phase transitions (quantum plasmas) etc. 25 BE Gases and Quantum Plasmas: more topics 1) Interaction of ensembles of neutral BEC´s 2) Dipolar quantum gases 3) Coherent multiple scattering of matter waves 4) New phase transitions 5) Bose crystals 6) Massive BEC´s 7) Physics of ´charged´ interacting BEC´s – do such ´quantum plasmas´ exist? etc. Cornell, Ketterle and Wieman, 2001 26 Interacting quantum