role of in the lawyers human rights deliver it," said Haugen, whose recent book, movement has shifted since the dramatically J\0 focuses on Terrl/j MOTt', IJM's campaign to years World War when The following II, end sex they trafficking in Cambodia. "We have all wrote treaties that set international standards for these laws on the shelf, but the poor lack access nations to embrace. Then came in attorneys the to the lawyers to deliver it. So we involved in 1960s get through 1980s that were in the the engaged political nitty-gritty of the law, to close the to enforcing trying struggle enact national laws to conform to those treaties. gap between the aspirations expressed in national laws, Now a third led like generation, by attorneys Gary Haugen, '91, and the prevailing reality for the is on poor." working individual cases with local authorities, to helping For Haugen, getting down in the trenches provides enforce those domestic laws. founder and Haugen, president for those unable to fend for of life-altering help themselves. the faith-based International Mission, said it's Justice "We are drawn as a class to the essential in the professional intellectually developing world, where law enforcement but what the complex, poor desperately need isn't the next systems in many countries aren't simply working. level of intellectual said "It's like sophistication," Haugen. "They medicine on the but no having shelves, doctor to need us to stand with them and give them a voice." A South Asian street in the red light district prepares for business in mid-afternoon. Doors begin and women come out to to meet opening the street customers. Young victims are kept out of for fear that sight they will run away or attract police attention. 12 THE U N I V E R SIT Y 0 F CHI C AGO • LAW S C H 0 0 L S P R I N G 2005 The seed for IJM was planted in 1994 while Haugen was on loan from the JInited States Justice Department to the United Nations, investigating the massacre of an estimated 800,000 Rwandans. After supervising the exhumation of mass graves for the subsequent war crimes tribunal, Haugen set aside his career as a federal prosecutor and started his own organization. By 1997, the organization's founding group had raised $200,000, enough to open an office in Arlington, Virginia, and hire a handful of lawyers and enforcement professionals. By 1999, IJM had a staff of eight, and a $900,000 budget. Six years later, IJM has become one of the United States' largest human-rights organizations, with a budget of $7.8 million, and 160 employees in offices in Arlington, Cambodia, Freed slave children share a cup of tea with Gary Haugen. Many of these children were forced to roll cigarettes twelve hours a day Thailand, Philippines, Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia. IJM's emergence as a player on the international human nongovernmental organization has gone: to focus on law rights scene has dovetailed with the United States government's enforcement, to cajole and work with foreign governments growing relationships with faith-based organizations. Haugen to rescue victims and throw the criminals in jail." frequently testifies before Congress and over the past two Haugen's message has resonated with evangelical Christians, a issues. years, IJM has received $2 million from the State and Labor group not historically involved in human rights departments in federal grants to combat sex trafficking in It has also been well-received among young attorneys like Thailand, Cambodia, and the Philippines. Those grants Eric Ha, '03, a lecturer at the University ofMiami Law School, included funding for training police and prosecutors. who this summer plans to spend twelve weeks working for "Gary is one of the anti-slavery heroes of the 21st century," IJM in South Asia on cases involving sex trafficking and said Ambassador John R. Miller, director of the Office to bonded labor. Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons at the United His classmate, Victor Boutros, '03, traveled to South Asia to labor in the States Department of State. "He has decided to go where no with IJM in 2002 investigate bonded gem With a raid in progress, a crowd of onlookers gathers to see what will happen to their friends and business associates. Police dressed in bullet­ proof vests and carrying assault rifles prevent the observers from getting any closer. S P R I N G 2 0 0 5 • THE U N I V E R SIT Y 0 F CHI C AGO LAW S C H 0 0 L 13 Haugen came to the University of Chicago Law School with an eye on international issues. After graduating from Harvard University in 1985, he spent the summer in South Africa, where he served on the executive committee of the National Initiative for Reconciliation, which was devoted to the cause of political reform and racial reconciliation. Former University of Chicago law professor Anne-Marie Slaughter recalls that Haugen's social conscience was apparent in the classroom. "He a radiated kind of moral authority even as a student­ not in any way sanctimonious, just serious," said Slaughter, dean of Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. "No one who knew him had any doubt to that he would work make the world a better place." Anabella was kidnapped on her way home from school and brutally After graduating from the Law School, Haugen worked raped. IJM and local partners took her case, deployed investigators, for the Committee for Human and facilitated her attacker's arrest. Lawyers Rights, investigating police misconduct in the Philippines. He joined the industry, up affidavits from workers who had ustice drawing Department of] in 1991, heading up high-profile taken loans for as little as a $50 from business owner and cases that included police brutality in New Orleans and the then were forced to work for to it back. In years pay 2003, Virginia Military Institute's denial of admission to women. a Boutros led of of Law School as group University Chicago Haugen, well as Boutros and Ha, are inspired by the students, who researched and wrote an eighty-page legal Biblical call to fight injustice. Haugen formed the organization brief on child laws around the to rape world, support an to augment the work of Christian missionaries, who feed case still in Haiti. IJM pending and house the poor, but lack the skills to defend those "These cases move human from wholesale to rights retail, subjected to human rights abuse. Though IJM's attorneys to where it matters for the said an really victims," Boutros, all profess the Christian faith, they do not proselytize, associate at Fish & Richardson in Dallas. letting their work stand as the expression of their beliefs. After a raid and rescue at a brothel in the Svay Pak, Cambodian National Police scoured the village looking for victims and perpetrators. 14 THE U N I V E R SIT Y 0 F CHI C AGO LAW S C H 0 0 L • SP R I N G 2005 can choke and show the national authorities their Unlike many human rights groups, which get results points, why by publicizing abuses and mobilizing public opinion, 11M system doesn't work to provide the outcome they want." forms partnerships with local authorities and helps them A look at 11M investigations involving sex crimes in Peru In an prosecute the crimes. The cases range from child prostitution and Cambodia shows how Haugen gets results. Peru, in Cambodia, to police corruption in Kenya and the estimated 25,000 women are raped each year. Most are under Philippines, and to the illegal bonded labor system in South fourteen, and most will never see their rapist punished for Asia that enslaves workers who haven't paid off a debt. the crime. In the city of Huanuco, more than twenty rapes are in a of By working individual cases, Haugen said 11M finds reported weekly city just 70,000. with Paz a where the criminal justice system has broken down. Many Since 2002, 11M has worked y Esperanza, human on several an times, it is a corrupt police chief who looks the other way. Peruvian rights group, cases, including 11M painstakingly gathers evidence, and presents it to attack on a girl named Anabella, who was walking home school when three men took her to a room higher authorities who can step in. from forcibly an She was released "With individual cases, you get very concrete information and raped her, according 11M report. about where the criminal justice system doesn't work," said the next day, and threatened with death if she told what Haugen, the crew-cut father who lives with his family in happened. But she told her mother, who went to Paz y An with its to the DC area. "When you work the cases, you find the Esperanza. 11M investigator worked partner investigate the crime, document the assault, and prepare Anabella for the police interview. The police subsequently "These cases move human arrested one of the attackers, who has been jailed and is awaiting prosecution. But Haugen also wanted deeper, systemic change. So after meeting Illinios state senator Peter Roskam, of DuPage from wholesale to County, at a speech he gave, Haugen challenged the Illinois rights attorney to mobilize a task force of concerned citizens and public officials from the suburban Chicago county to do what they could to help. In 2003, DuPage task force retail, to where it really members traveled to Huanuco to explore the barriers for Arrested perpetrators file into the Phnom Penh courthouse.