National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Pacific Island Network Vital Signs Monitoring Plan Appendix E: Topical Working Group Report – Invertebrate Fauna Karl Magnacca (HPI-CESU) and David Foote (USGS) Pacific Island Network (PACN) Territory of Guam War in the Pacific National Historical Park (WAPA) Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands American Memorial Park, Saipan (AMME) Territory of American Samoa National Park of American Samoa (NPSA) State of Hawaii USS Arizona Memorial, Oahu (USAR) Kalaupapa National Historical Park, Molokai (KALA) Haleakala National Park, Maui (HALE) Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail, Hawaii (ALKA) Puukohola Heiau National Historic Site, Hawaii (PUHE) Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park, Hawaii (KAHO) Puuhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park, Hawaii (PUHO) Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii (HAVO) http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/pacn/monitoring/plan Suggested citation: Magnacca, K. and D. Foote. 2006. Appendix E: Invertebrate fauna report. In: HaySmith, L., F. L. Klasner, S. H. Stephens, and G. H. Dicus. Pacific Island Network vital signs monitoring plan. Natural Resource Report NPS/PACN/NRR—2006/003 National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. Last revision: 30 September 2004 Organization contact information: National Park Service (NPS), Inventory and Monitoring Program, Pacific Island Network, PO Box 52, Hawaii National Park, HI 96718, phone: 808-985-6180, fax: 808-985-6111, http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/pacn/monitoring/plan/ Hawaii-Pacific Islands Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Unit (HPI-CESU), University of Hawaii at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, St. John Hall #408, Honolulu, HI 96822-2279 Acknowledgements: This appendix was prepared with assistance from the Hawaii-Pacific Islands Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Unit (HPI-CESU), Task Agreement Number: J8080040035. 2 Appendix E: Invertebrate Fauna Report Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................ 5 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 7 Scope of Topic Area..................................................................................................... 7 Background .................................................................................................................. 7 Monitoring Goals and Objectives ................................................................................. 7 Legislation and Policy...................................................................................................... 8 I&M – Natural Resource Challenge.............................................................................. 9 International ................................................................................................................. 9 Federal .........................................................................................................................9 Legislation ................................................................................................................. 9 Executive Orders..................................................................................................... 10 National Park Service................................................................................................. 10 Park Enabling Legislation........................................................................................ 10 NPS Management Policies...................................................................................... 11 Director’s Orders ..................................................................................................... 11 Park Specific Management Policies ........................................................................ 11 Park Planning Documents....................................................................................... 11 State, Commonwealth, and Territorial........................................................................ 12 American Samoa..................................................................................................... 12 Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI)........................................ 12 Guam ...................................................................................................................... 12 Hawaii ..................................................................................................................... 12 Ecological Context......................................................................................................... 13 Geography ................................................................................................................. 13 Geology...................................................................................................................... 14 Elevation Gradients.................................................................................................... 14 Rainfall and Climate ................................................................................................... 14 Native Vegetation....................................................................................................... 16 Native Invertebrates ................................................................................................... 16 Insects..................................................................................................................... 16 Land Snails ............................................................................................................. 19 Streams................................................................................................................... 19 Anchialine Pools...................................................................................................... 20 Park and Network-Wide Issues ..................................................................................... 20 Biological Invasions.................................................................................................... 20 Habitat Loss ............................................................................................................... 22 Anthropogenic Pollution and Water Diversion ............................................................ 23 Human Harvest .......................................................................................................... 23 Restricted Populations ............................................................................................... 23 Climate Change ......................................................................................................... 24 Conceptual Ecological Model ........................................................................................ 25 National Park Service 3 Monitoring ..................................................................................................................... 27 Parks Monitoring ........................................................................................................ 27 ALKA ....................................................................................................................... 27 AMME ..................................................................................................................... 27 HALE....................................................................................................................... 27 HAVO ...................................................................................................................... 27 KAHO ...................................................................................................................... 28 KALA....................................................................................................................... 28 NPSA ...................................................................................................................... 29 PUHE ...................................................................................................................... 29 PUHO...................................................................................................................... 29 USAR ...................................................................................................................... 29 WAPA...................................................................................................................... 29 Established Monitoring Programs .............................................................................. 30 Research Needs ........................................................................................................ 30 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 31 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... 31 Literature Cited.............................................................................................................. 32 List of Tables Table 1. Major stressors on invertebrate populations................................................................................24 Table 2. Critical invertebrate resources present in parks ..........................................................................25 List of Figures Figure 1. Pacific Island Inventory and Monitoring Network........................................................................13