The Reliefs of the Chapel of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep at Gebelein Culture and History of the Ancient Near East Founding Editor M. H. E. Weippert Editor-in-Chief Thomas Schneider Editors Eckart Frahm, W. Randall Garr, B. Halpern, Theo P. J. van den Hout, Irene J. Winter VOLUME 39 The Reliefs of the Chapel of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep at Gebelein (CGT 7003/1–277) By Elisa Fiore Marochetti Translated by Kenneth Hurry LEIDEN • BOSTON 2010 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in Publication data Fiore Marochetti, Elisa. The reliefs of the chapel of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep at Gebelein / by Elisa Fiore Marochetti ; translated by Kenneth Hurry. p. cm. — (Culture and history of the ancient Near East ; v. 39) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-17964-6 (hard cover : alk. paper) 1. Gebelein Site (Egypt) 2. Chapels—Egypt—Gebelein Site. 3. Relief (Sculpture), Ancient—Egypt—Gebelein Site. 4. Monuments—Egypt—Gebelein Site. 5. Excavations (Archaeology)—Egypt—Gebelein Site. 6. Hathor (Egyptian deity) 7. Mentuhotep II, King of Egypt. 8. Museo egizio di Torino—Catalogs. I. Title. II. Series. DT73.G42M37 2009 932—dc22 2009046094 ISSN: 1566-2055 ISBN: 978 90 04 17964 6 Copyright 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands i. introduction v CONTENTS Preface . vii List of Figures . ix List of Plates . xi I. INTRODUCTION . 1 The Site of Gebelein . 1 Investigations on the Southern Hill . 1 Site Toponymy . 6 The Gods of Gebelein . 8 Historical Events at Gebelein during the First Intermediate Period and the Advent of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep . 9 II. DATING THE CHAPEL . 17 Style . 17 The Titulary of Mentuhotep . 20 III. THE CULT OF HATHOR, LADY OF DENDEREH, AND THE PANTHEON OF MENTUHOTEP . 23 IV. HYPOTHETICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF ARCHITECTURE AND DECORATION . 27 Architecture . 27 Restitution of the Cornice . 28 Restitution of the Layout and Elevation . 30 V. CATALOGUE . 33 A. Decoration of Architectural Elements . 33 1. Corner Columns . 33 2. Frieze Components with Cavetto Cornice . 39 3. Ceiling . 50 B. Wall Decoration: Lower Registers . 50 1. Scene of Smiting the Enemy with Procession of Subjgated Peoples and Personifications . 50 2. Scene of Smiting the Enemy and Temple Foundation Ceremony . 57 3. Procession of the Provinces . 62 4. Personifications or Fecundity Figures . 66 C. Wall Decoration: Median and Upper Registers . 71 D. Wall Decoration: Lower Registers with No Context. 117 E. Wall Decoration: Documents without Context . 121 Bibliography . 143 VI. PLATES . I COLOR PLATES . LI vi i. introduction i. introduction vii PREFACE This research was launched in view of the need to During the related studies and research, I re- reorganize and correlate the items housed in the ceived assistance from museums, academic insti- Egyptian Museum of Turin, coming from sites tutions, foundations, scholars and friends. In investigated by Ernesto Schiaparelli. Indeed, the particular, I wish to thank †Enrichetta Leospo, latter’s prolific excavations often lacked defini- director at the Soprintendenza al Museo delle tive publication and his finds are still largely Antichità Egizie in Turin; Dr. Mohamed Saleh, unpublished. Renewed interest in the area of former director of the Cairo Museum, for allow- Gebelein during the final decade of last century ing me to study the blocks both on display and by the Soprintendenza al Museo delle Antichità stored in the warehouses; Prof. Nicolas Grimal Egizie of Turin incentivated new prospects for and Prof. Bernard Mathieu for giving me the research. One of these in particular, concerning chance of joining the IFAO on a scholarship; the the temple dedicated to the goddess Hathor in Committee of the Michela Schiff Giorgini Foun- the reign of Mentuhotep II of the XIth dynasty dation for their financial support; John Baines, (2064-2013 BC), I presented as the subject of my Laure Pantalacci, Giovanna Pisano, Ludwig doctoral research thesis in Egyptology at Rome Morenz, Matilde Borla, Emanuele Ciampini, Sara University “La Sapienza”. Aware that, in essence a Demichelis, Simonetta Fiore Marochetti, François catalogue, this presentation is necessarily limited, Leclère, Benoit Lurson. it is my hope, nevertheless, that it may be useful to future research. Turin, September 2008 viii i. introduction i. introduction ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 The Tomb of Sidi Musa. Photo Schiaparelli 1910 ©MiBAC-Soprintendenza Archeologica del Piemonte e del Museo Antichità Egizie. Figure 2 Sketch map of Gebelein: the Two Hills. Figure 3 Remains of unbaked brick masonry and limestone column plinth. Photo: Schiaparelli, 1910 and Giacomo Lovera, 1994, ©MiBAC-Soprintendenza Archeologica del Piemonte e del Museo Antichità Egizie. Figure 4 TheSouthern Hill. Topographical Maps. ©MiBAC-Soprintendenza Archeologica del Piemonte e del Museo Antichità Egizie. Figure 5 The Southern Hill with the Remains of the Fortress. Photo Schiaparelli 1910, ©MiBAC-Soprintendenza Archeo- logica del Piemonte e del Museo Antichità Egizie. Figure 6 The Southern Hill viewed from the West. photos: Schiaparelli, 1910, ©MiBAC-Soprintendenza Archeologica del Piemonte e del Museo Antichità Egizie, and Fiore Marochetti, 1995. Figure 7 Bark shrines. Figure 8 Single-cell Temples. Figure 9 Tripartite Temples. Figure 10 Gebelein: Moulding and Torus. Figure 11 Front View: section of the façade. Figure 12 Front View: arrangement of the registers of a side wall. Graphic design by Susanna Salines. Figure 13 Diameter of Column CGT 7003/16 (= Suppl. 12082). Figure 14 Reconstruction of corner column CGT 7003/7 + CGT 7003/11-12 + CGT 7003/15. Figure 15 Reconstruction of scene of smiting the enemy with Procession of Subjugated Peoples and Personifications, Cairo J.E. T.R. 24/5/28/5 + CGT 7003/64-73 + Gebelein 1/1995. Figure 16 Reconstruction of scene with Procession of the Provinces, Cairo J.E. T.R 1/11/17/7 + CGT 7003/75-81. Figure 17 Reconstruction of scene with Personifications or Fecundity Figures, Cairo J.E. Temporaneo 1/11/17/4 + CGT 7003/85-91. Figure 18 Reconstruction of a star frieze CGT 7003/97-100 + CGT 7003/102-103. Figure 19 Reconstruction of scene with Sematawy and the King CGT 7003/112-117 + CGT 7003/119. Figure 20 a) Reconstruction of scene with the pr wr chapel, CGT 7003/130-134. Figure 20 b) Reconstruction of Upper Register Frieze, CGT 7003/126 + CGT 7003/135-137. Figure 21 Reconstruction of scenes with hieracocephalus gods CGT 7003/141-142 and CGT 7003/138-139. Figure 22 Reconstruction of scene with group of figures CGT 7003/144 + CGT 7003/153. Figure 23 Reconstruction of scene with the god Khnum and a seated figure 7002/150-151 and 7002/154. Figure 24 Reconstruction of scene with gods CGT 7003/155 + CGT 7003/170 + CGT 7003/209. Figure 25 Reconstruction of scene with gods CGT 7003/156-157 + CGT 7003/198 + CGT 7003/208. Figure 26 Reconstruction of scene with the king followed by a female figure with feathered dress upon a ws d nx frieze, CGT 7003/185-194. Figure 27 The chapel of Nebhepetre Mentuhotepfrom Dendera, Cairo J.E. 46068. From Habachi, MDAIK 19, Plates V-VIII. Figure 28 Block from Deir el Ballas, University of California. From Fischer, An.Or. 40, Pl. 39. Figure 29 Graffito on Konosso island. From Habachi, MDAIK 19, Plate XIV. Figure 30 Reliefs from Elephantine. From Habachi, MDAIK 19, Plates XII-XIII. Figure 31 Block from Deir el Ballas. From Habachi, MDAIK 19, Fig. 9. Figure 32 Lintel from Karnak. From Habachi, MDAIK 19, Plate X. x i. introduction list of plates xi LIST OF PLATES Plate I CGT 7003/1 – CGT 7003/6 ©MiBAC Soprintendenza Archeologica del Piemonte e del Museo Antichità Egizie. Plate II CGT 7003/7 – CGT 7003/13 ©MiBAC Soprintendenza Archeologica del Piemonte e del Museo Antichità Egizie. Plate III CGT 7003/14 - CGT 7003/18 ©MiBAC Soprintendenza Archeologica del Piemonte e del Museo Antichità Egizie. Plate IV CGT 7003/19 - CGT 7003/22 ©MiBAC Soprintendenza Archeologica del Piemonte e del Museo Antichità Egizie. Plate V CGT 7003/23 - CGT 7003/26 ©MiBAC Soprintendenza Archeologica del Piemonte e del Museo Antichità Egizie. Plate VI CGT 7003/27 - CGT 7003/31 ©MiBAC Soprintendenza Archeologica del Piemonte e del Museo Antichità Egizie. Plate VII CGT 7003/32 - CGT 7003/35 ©MiBAC Soprintendenza Archeologica del Piemonte e del Museo Antichità Egizie. Plate VIII CGT 7003/36 - CGT 7003/39 ©MiBAC Soprintendenza Archeologica del Piemonte e del Museo Antichità Egizie. Plate IX CGT 7003/40 - CGT 7003/44b ©MiBAC Soprintendenza Archeologica del Piemonte e del Museo Antichità Egizie. Plate X CGT 7003/45 - CGT 7003/48 ©MiBAC Soprintendenza Archeologica del Piemonte e del Museo Antichità Egizie. Plate XI CGT 7003/49 - CGT 7003/52 ©MiBAC Soprintendenza Archeologica del Piemonte e del Museo Antichità Egizie. Plate XII CGT 7003/53 - CGT 7003/58 ©MiBAC Soprintendenza Archeologica del Piemonte e del Museo Antichità Egizie. Plate XIII CGT 7003/59 - CGT 7003/61 ©MiBAC Soprintendenza Archeologica del Piemonte e del Museo Antichità Egizie. Cairo J.E. T.R. 1/11/17/6. Found at the Cairo Egyptian Museum, Photo Elisa Fiore Marochetti Plate XIV Cairo J.E. T. R. 24/5/28/5. Found at the Cairo Egyptian Museum, Photo Elisa Fiore Marochetti CGT 7003/64 - CGT 7003/67 ©MiBAC Soprintendenza Archeologica del Piemonte e del Museo Antichità Egizie.