THE HISTORY OF THE CONCEPT OF GRAMMATICALISATION VOLUME I by Therese Åsa Margaretha Lindström Submitted for the degree of PhD Department of English Language and Linguistics, University of Sheffield June 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ..........................................................................................................i VOLUME I .................................................................................................. V Acknowledgements .....................................................................................................vi List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................... viii Part 1: Introduction..................................................................................9 1. Introduction............................................................................................................10 1.0.1 Grammaticalisation Defined? .....................................................................13 1.0.2 The History of the Concept of Grammaticalisation....................................14 1.1 Aims and Objectives...........................................................................................14 1.2 Methodology ......................................................................................................18 1.2.1 A General Methodology of the Historiography of Linguistics...................19 1.2.1.1 Metalanguage.......................................................................................22 1.2.1.2 Dating...................................................................................................24 1.2.1.3 Influence...............................................................................................25 1.2.1.4 Objectivity............................................................................................26 1.2.2 More on the Specific Methodology of this Thesis......................................29 1.3 Outline................................................................................................................35 2. Background ............................................................................................................38 2.1 The History of Grammaticalisation Studies.......................................................38 2.2 The Term Grammaticalisation...........................................................................45 2.2.1 The Oxford English Dictionary Online.......................................................50 2.2.2 Merriam-Webster Online............................................................................51 2.2.3 Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (SAOB) Online...........................................51 2.3 Gradual and Unidirectional Change?...............................................................55 2.4 Grammaticalisation Theory?.............................................................................55 Part 2: The Concept of Grammaticalisation........................................59 3. The Unidirectionality Hypothesis.........................................................................60 3.0 Introduction........................................................................................................60 3.0.1 Outline of Chapter Three ............................................................................61 3.0.2 Introduction to Unidirectionality and Grammaticalisation.........................62 3.1 The Unidirectionality Hypothesis ......................................................................63 3.1.1What is Unidirectionality? ...........................................................................63 3.2 The Strong Hypothesis and Reconstructions in Historical Linguistics .............73 3.2.1 Unidirectionality and Reconstructions........................................................75 3.3 Explaining Unidirectionality .............................................................................78 3.4 Counterdirectional Processes and Counterexamples........................................85 3.4.1 Lexicalisation..............................................................................................90 3.4.2 Degrammaticalisation ...............................................................................109 3.4.3 Regrammaticalisation, Functional Renewal, Exaptation ….....................119 3.5 An Informative, or Confusing, Look at Some Examples ..................................127 3.5.1 The Example Confusion ...........................................................................127 3.5.1.1 Hiu tagu > … > heute ........................................................................127 3.5.1.2 Haidus > -heit.....................................................................................129 3.5.1.3 -ade > ade...........................................................................................130 3.5.1.4 mente > Adverb formative.................................................................131 i 3.5.1.5 Latin –esc-/-isc- (inchoative) > Romance languages (‘meaningless’ part of the inflection of some verbs) ..............................................................132 3.5.2. The Process Confusion ............................................................................134 3.5.2.1 Senior(em) > Sp. Señor, It. Signore, Fr. Seigneur .............................134 3.5.2.2 Suffix, submorphic unit or transmorphemic unit > derivations or inflections.......................................................................................................135 3.5.2.3 Conversion from a lexical category to a grammatical category.........136 3.6 Uniformitarianism............................................................................................137 3.7 Conclusions and Summary...............................................................................145 4. Reanalysis and Analogy in relation to Grammaticalisation ............................148 4.0 Introduction......................................................................................................148 4.1 Reanalysis ........................................................................................................151 4.1.1 Defining Reanalysis..................................................................................155 4.1.2 Ambiguity as a Prerequisite of Reanalysis ...............................................171 4.1.3 Reanalysis and Grammaticalisation - Synonyms?....................................173 4.1.4 The History of Reanalysis.........................................................................178 4.2 Analogy ............................................................................................................180 4.2.1 Analogy – Terminology and Concept.......................................................181 4.2.2 The History of Analogy ............................................................................186 4.2.3 Simplification?..........................................................................................194 4.3 Summary and Conclusions...............................................................................195 VOLUME II..............................................................................................197 Part 3: The History of Grammaticalisation .......................................198 5. Early Treatments of Grammaticalisation (The Nineteenth Century) ...........199 5.0 Introduction......................................................................................................199 5.0.1 Early Treatments of Grammaticalisation during this Period. ...................200 5.0.2 Agglutination Theory, Historical Grammar and Grammaticalisation ......202 5.1 Germany...........................................................................................................203 5.1.1 Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835) .......................................................203 5.1.2 Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von Schlegel (1772-1829)..................................205 5.1.3 August Wilhelm von Schlegel (1767-1845) .............................................207 5.1.4 Franz Bopp (1791-1867)...........................................................................210 5.1.5 Georg von der Gabelentz (1840-1893) .....................................................216 5.1.6 Berthold Delbrück (1842-1927)................................................................218 5.1.7 Hermann Paul (1846 - 1921) ....................................................................221 5.1.8 Karl Brugmann (1849-1919) ....................................................................223 5.2 France..............................................................................................................229 5.2.1 Jean Baptiste de la Curne de Sainte-Palaye (1697-1781) & Abbé François Seraphin Regnier Desmarais (1632-1713).........................................................229 5.2.2 François-Juste-Marie Raynouard (1761-1836).........................................231 5.3 Britain ..............................................................................................................234 5.3.1 The Reverend Richard Garnett (1789-1850) ............................................234 5.3.2 Francis Henry Trithen / Friedrich Heinrich Trithen (1820-1854) ............235 5.3.3 Friedrich Max Müller (1823-1900)...........................................................236 5.3.4 John Earle (1824-1903) ............................................................................238