Synthetic fibres for fishing gear Item Type article Authors Radhalekshmy, K.; Gopalan Nayar, S. Download date 26/09/2021 00:02:55 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/33629 ETIC fl FIS I GEA Smt. K. RADHALEKSHMY & S. GOPALAN NAYAR Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin-5 INTRODUCTION which they are marketed, the classifica­ tion is sohwn in table I. In India polya­ A variety of synthetic fibres are at mide group of fibres is marketed under present in use as fishing gear material, the trade names Garnyl and Jaykaylon, the earliest one being the polyvinyl chlo­ while polyethylene is marketed under the ride group introduced for traps in 1936 trade name Garfil and Marfil and polye­ (von. Brandt 1957). Since then synthetic thylene. Mostly the trade names are related fibres became increasingly popular among to the manufacturer's name. the advanced fishing nations of the world. The latest synthetic fibre which has been RAW MATERIALS AND PRODUCTION successfully used in fishing is polypropy­ lene developed in Italy in 1954. The basic materials for production of yarns for synthetics are prepared from The exact period when synthetic :fibres petroleum, natural gas, hydrocarbon, mo­ became popular as a fishing gear material lasses, grain, cobs, oat hulls, lime and in India is not clearly 1 known; however coal (Himmelfarb 1957). it has been stated that the first lot of nylon came to India in 1954-55 under Polymnide Fibres (PA) The discovery Of the TCM aid. Terylene (polyester group pJlY<:tmide 66 (Nylon 66) is credited to of :fibres) gill nets were subsequently in­ Dr. Wallace Hume Carrothers (Arzane troduced (Anon. 1958). In the initial years 1959). Nylon 66 polymer is prepared by the country was depending on imports for heating hexamethyiene diamene and adipic these materials. In 1962 nylon multifila­ acid. A polym:r made from Caproluctum ment yarn (polyamide group of fibres) sui­ is the Jap::J.nese equivalent to nylon. The table for making fishnet twines was ma­ American Caprolactum p)lyamide is desi­ nufactured in Jndia. Subsequently poly­ gnated as nylon 6. Structurally both nylon thylene group of fibres in the form of 66 and nylon 6 consist of the same amide mono5Jaments and tapes were also manu­ group differently arranged to constitute the factured in India. Production of nylon long chain molecule (Him:nelfarb 1957). in the form of mo:10.S.laments has also G~nerally it can be said that type 66 can been started recently. be made stronger than type 6 but the latter is cheaper. CLAS3IFICATION Polyester Fibres (PES) The fibre is a Hans Stutz (1959) has made an ela­ British invention made by J. R. Whinfield borate classification of textile fibres based and J. T. Dickson. Later the world patent on the source of the fibre, the raw mate­ rights with the exception of the United rial and the process of manufacture to­ States of America were acquired by the gether with the various trade names under Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. U. K. 142 FISHERY TECHNOLOGY t"'B TABLE :>< I z0 tv TEXTILE FIBRES iO 0 ·0.. \.0 NATURAL FIBRES CHEMICAL FIBRES INORGANIC FIBRES ;:I> -....) - >:> w -~ {/) ;::s'l> ;:! .... NATURAL POLYMERS SYNTHETIC POLYMERS R<> Gl 0 POLYCONDENSATION COMPOUNDS POLYMERIC COMPOUNDS POLYADDITIVE "\.:1" 2.. 0 COMPOUNDS ;:! z Polyacry !o:1i !rile Polyethylene Polyurethai1e ::. Polyester Poliamide Mixed Polyvinyl Polyvinyl ... Polymerics Alcohol Chloride C/1 Terylene Nylon '-"! ;:: Dacron Dynel Vinylon PCV Orion Polythene Per1on - U ..... Perl on ;::s'l> Terital Grilon Saran Kuralon Pe Ce Acrilan Courlene Fibre - 32 "' ;:;·- Tergal Kapron Vinyon Cremona Rhovyl PAN Reevon .... -,.,N Terlenka Enkalon Harlon Mewlon Thermovyl Dralon Wynene ... {/) ...,_,"' Tr~vira A milan Verel Synthofil Vinyon- HH Red on Teflon 0 Diolen Livlon Woolon Pe Ce- U Courtelle ... ... Lanon Caprolan CryIon -{/) ;·;::s'l> Delfion Dolan <Q Steebn Prelena <Q "'{:) Niplon Wolcrylon ~ Rilon Silon ~==~================~d=~~==~====~-~ ,~ ~ -~~ ·______ - -~ ~ -w 'R.adf1alefisfnny & 9opalan Nayar: 8yntfietic fi6res for fisfiini) gear and the name Terylene became a registered lythylene group, the filaments are stretched trade mark, the property of the Imperial to 8-10 times the original length in boi­ Chemical Industries Ltd. It is a conden­ ling water and then wound up under sation product of terephthallic acid and constant tension (Kloppenburg & Reuter ethylene glycol but is actually manufac­ 1964). The process has got some influ­ tured by the ester interchange of glycol ence on the physical property of the fi­ and dimethyl terephathallate. nished product. Polyethylene Fibre ( P E) The fibre is pre­ TYPES OF YARN pared by polymerising ethylene at high pressure (1500 psi) Usually synthetic fibre yarns that go to make up the net material is available Polypropylene Fibres (P P) This bas been as staple or spun and continuous filament known for many years as an oil although yarns. A yarn is called staple when it for various reasons it had no comm~rcial is cut up into fibres of staple length of importance. In 1954 Prof. Natta whose about 3" (Carrothers 1957) and spun work has been concerned with stereospe­ into a yarn just like cotton. It is a con­ cific polymerisation of olefines using or­ tiiiuous filament yarn when filaments run 1::>o-anomettallic catalysts of Zeigler type through out the whole length. A conti­ discovered how to make isotactic materials nuous filament yarn is also describ:ed as with regular ordere1 molecular structure. 'drawn' since during the manufacture the The Imperial Chemical Industries recognised material is drawn to specified lengths. A the great potential for the new material and continuous filament yarn can be either a negotiated a patent license from the Ita­ monofilament or a multifilament yarn. lian Chemical firm of Montecatini in Another development in synthetic yarn August 1960. production is the manufacture of tapes. It is initially prepared as a sheet of uno­ PREPARATION OF YARN riented film , which is chilled and fed Essentially it consists of two stages, through the cutter, followed by passag:e melt spinning and cold drawing. It is through an orientation zone. Tapes are effected by an extrusion technique followe:i also produced in continuous lengths with by an orientation stage. The p::>lymer from a width of 2-4 mm and denier sizes of molted reactants is extruded as a ribb:m, 750-1000. The conversion of tapes into ground into pe!L:ts and remeted. The split fibres that can be spun into sisal molten mass is fed by melting pumps like cordage product was evolved by mid through spi :1nerts which on emerging is 1960, while Rummkr (1954) reports th~ solidified by cooling in a current of air. availability of Perlon in G~rmany as con­ It is then condens:!d and wound into bJ­ tinuous, staple, tape and monofilaments bins as undrawn yarn. In a subsequent as early as 1954. Production of synthe­ operation the filaments are coU drawn and tic tap.:s for fish net twines has been wound to pirns. The extent to which yarn started recentl; in India. is drawn depends 0:1 the ty,J; of polymer and sometimes th; same pJlymer is stre­ YARN NUMBEI.UNG SYSTEMS tched to different deg,~es. Carrothers (1957) mentions that nylon ma;1Ufacturers Basically there are two different sys­ stretches the yarn 3-4 times the original tems of yarn numbering, the Indirect Sys­ length whereas L::>hani (1961) states that tem and the Direct System. In the for­ the stretching is 4-5 times. For the po..: mer weight is kept constant and length 144 FISHERY TECHNOLOGY 'R.adftale~slhny & 9opalan Nayar: Synttietic fiiJro;s for fisfiing gear various hence higher the number thinner the textile industry as described by Gee the yarn. In the latter the length is kept (1954) and for netting yarns as described constar,t and the weight varies, hence hi­ by Klust (1 764 a) confirm to the above gher the number the thicker the yarn. basic principles The yarn numbering systems followed in L Indirect. System: i) When 840 yds of yarn weigh l lb it is 1 Ne (British Count) 840 xn " 1 lb 2 n Ne ii) 1000 m " 1 kg " 1 Nm (Metric Count) 1000 xn " 1 kg " n Nm 2. Direct Syst~m , i) 9000 m " 1 gm 1 D (Denier) 9000 m " n gm " n D ii) 1000 m " 1 gm " Tex 1000 m " n gm " n Tex The British Standards Institution has tional Standards Organisation. The sugge­ drawn out standards for textile yarns and stions of Indian Standards Institution is also suggests the adoption of 'Tex' system re­ on the same lines as that of the International commended in tlu International Standards Standards Organisation. Eventhough the Organisation conf~rence held in Southport Tex system has been recommended for in 1956. The two fishing congress also universal adoption this has not been fully stress the importance of yarn numbering implemented and for easy conversion of system with a recommendation for the the different numbering systems to the Tex adoption of 'Tex' given by the Interna- system the following formula is applied. Tex = 0.111 x Total Denier* = 590.5 1000 1,00.0000 496055 Ne = ·Nm = MsjKg - Yds/lb SIZE OF YARN nier sizes and types of synthetics described by Honda and Osada (1964) are poly­ The yarns are produced in standard propylene ] 80 Denier, polyamide (Amilan) sizes, mostly the size is specific to specific 210 Denier, polyester (Tetron) 210 Denier, group of synthetic fibres. Nylon conti­ polyvinylchloride (Saran) 360 Denier nuous filament yarn is available in 210 and Teviron 300 Denier. In India Denier, Terelene in 250 Denier, Ulstron polyamide fibre (NylJn) is mostl; produ­ in 190 Denier. Carrothers (1957) men­ c~d in 210 Denier size.