Karachi in the Twenty- First Century Karachi in the Twenty- First Century: Political, Social, Economic and Security Dimensions By Mansoor Bin Tahnoon Al Nahyan Karachi in the Twenty-First Century: Political, Social, Economic and Security Dimensions By Mansoor Bin Tahnoon Al Nahyan This book first published 2016 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2016 by Mansoor Bin Tahnoon Al Nahyan All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-8706-4 ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-8706-9 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures and Tables ......................................................................... vii Preface ...................................................................................................... viii List of Important Abbreviations ................................................................. xi Chapter One ................................................................................................. 1 Security Implications of Karachi: Mega City, Mega Issues Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 16 The City and its Antiquity Chapter Three ............................................................................................ 27 Modern Karachi Chapter Four .............................................................................................. 67 Crime and Terrorist Elements of the City: Karachi’s Ali Baba’s and Forty Thieves Chapter Five ............................................................................................ 103 Karachi: Hub of Terror Financing Chapter Six .............................................................................................. 118 Global City, Global Impact: A Global View of Karachi’s Security Chapter Seven .......................................................................................... 141 Counter-Terrorism Initiatives and Response Chapter Eight ........................................................................................... 166 Karachi’s Economic Potential and Future Prospects vi Table of Contents Appendices .............................................................................................. 180 Bibliography ............................................................................................ 185 Notes ........................................................................................................ 193 LIST OF FIGURE AND TABLES See colour centrefold: Figure 1 Pakistan administrative areas Figure 2 Sindh districts Figure 3 Karachi Towns and Cantonments Figure 4 Terrorist killings in Karachi 1994-2012 Figure 5 Killings of LEA officials in the last decades Figure 6 Reported KFR Cases in Karachi Figure 7 Spatial crime analysis by CPCL Table 1 Sectarian killings in Karachi, 2001-2010 ................................... 181 PREFACE When we were young, Karachi, not London, Paris or New York, was our favourite family summer holiday resort. UAE by then had become a wealthy state thanks to the oil revenue; hence money or the lack of it was never a consideration in our choice of holiday sites. As a youngster I have fond memories of the city where we spent our summer vacations in the 1980s. Compared to the relatively calm Gulf coastal waters, Karachi’s Arabian Sea pulsated with mighty waves and its stretches of sandy beaches and topography, not very different from our native land, made us feel right at home. The city was lively, vibrant, peaceful, and free of racial prejudice. Low clouds and a cool sea breeze, hallmarks of Karachi summer months, kept the weather mild and pleasant when back home it was sizzling hot. Karachi then was considered a business-friendly city where the poor and the rich co-existed amicably, and its communication infrastructure and civic amenities were fairly adequate for its size and population. The street lights and market places were well-lit and its eateries and other venues of entertainment were open until well past midnight, thereby deservedly earning Karachi the title of “City of Lights.” Unfortunately, by the end of the twentieth century, the social and secure ambiance of Karachi had taken a turn for the worse. An uncontrolled influx of migrant workers from other parts of the country and even from neighbouring Afghanistan (the Afghan refugees) looking for jobs and sustenance overburdened the city’s infrastructure while political and social rivalries led to infighting among the Karachiites, leading to a serious deterioration of the law and order in the megalopolis, which allowed criminal elements to flourish. Today, most foreigners fear Karachi; many consider it one of the most dangerous cities in the world and key foreign officials of multinational companies tend to meet their city counterparts in Dubai rather than Karachi because of security concerns. I have often wondered why the situation has come to such a sorry pass, and why a city where we felt at home and loved to spend our vacations just over two-and-a-half decades ago deteriorated so rapidly. When I had to select a subject for my doctoral thesis, I chose to study Karachi, to dissect and analyse the factors behind the ailments it is currently suffering from. My study, titled A Case Study of Karachi at the Turn of the 21st Century: New Security Considerations for Southwest Asian Global Cities earned me a doctoral degree from the prestigious Tuft University in the Karachi in the Twenty-First Century ix USA. Since the general public has limited access to the dissertation, I decided to convert and publish it in a book form, to give it a much wider circulation and availability. My minute examination of the political, social, economic, and security dimensions of modern Karachi would, I sincerely hope, promote a better understanding of Karachi’s dynamics by outsiders, and aid those primarily responsible for running the affairs of the city to correct its downward slide and help regain its lost status – the one I fondly remember, that of the City of Lights. There are several other reasons I selected Karachi as the focus of this study. First, preliminary research indicated that the geographical separation between political and financial centres in Pakistan provides a particularly clear example of a broader trend that can be found throughout Southwest Asia and the world. Second, Pakistan in general and Karachi in particular have received relatively little attention in previous academic work. This is especially true for the two main foci: the social effects of technological change and the financing of terrorism. Third, my pre- existing relationships with a number of government and financial leaders in the city provided me with unparalleled access to individuals and archives, helping me research a topic that is highly sensitive and controversial. A substantial portion of the historical component of this research is based on archival work from official records of the city of Karachi and the national archives of Pakistan in Islamabad. Fortunately, English is the official administrative language of Pakistan, which greatly facilitated my efforts. Archival material was far easier to obtain for the government side of the study. For the financial element, I was forced to rely much more heavily on personal interviews and questionnaires. Given the sensitive security and legal issues surrounding the financing of terrorism, most of my interviews were conducted on a not-for- attribution basis. I also preserved anonymous transcripts of the interviews, removing any identifying information contained therein so that future scholars may review and replicate my work. Here I may add that the first chapter is academic in nature and aims to establish the raison d'être for ascribing Karachi the status of a global city; the issues of the city are consequently viewed through this lens. Hopefully, this effort might be of some help to future scholars of the subject. The remaining chapters I hope would find equal interest among the academics and general readers concerned with the affairs of Karachi. This book tells the story of how the forces of globalization have descended upon Karachi and exacerbated local and regional problems to the point where the city is teetering on the brink of chaos. Karachi is x Preface geographically, politically, and culturally situated in the context of modern Pakistan, but it is a global city affected by global forces, many of which challenge the state’s power and authority. The lessons of Karachi are important for its present and its future, and they can serve as a cautionary tale for other global cities. A final admission: I am an aspiring academic, not an expert author, and English is not my mother tongue; hence the text will lack the finesse and flow one normally associates with gifted writers. My work, therefore, should be viewed as in-depth research on the law-and-order aspects of Karachi that in a book form would provide useful reference for further study. LIST OF IMPORTANT ABBREVIATIONS No Abbreviation Explanation 1. ANP Awami National Party 2. CCPO Capital City Police Officer 3. CIA Central Intelligence Agency 4. CID Central Investigation Department (Pakistan)