Uneasy Alliance: SAD-BJP Coalition in Punjab and Economic Development -and- Roots of Insurgency in Indian Jammu and Kashmir- a Review by Nidhi Singh Panwar B.A., Simon Fraser University, 2010 EXTENDED ESSAYS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the School for International Studies Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Nidhi Singh Panwar 2012 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2012 All rights reserved. However, in accordance with the Copyright Act of Canada, this work may be reproduced, without authorization, under the conditions for “Fair Dealing.” Therefore, limited reproduction of this work for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review and news reporting is likely to be in accordance with the law, particularly if cited appropriately. Approval Name: Nidhi Singh Panwar Degree: Master of Arts (International Studies) Title of Essays: UNEASY ALLIANCE: SAD-BJP COALITION IN PUNJAB AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT - and - ROOTS OF INSURGENCY IN INDIAN JAMMU AND KASHMIR- A REVIEW Supervisory Committee: Chair: John Harriss Professor John Harriss Senior Supervisor Professor Michael Howard Supervisor Professor Date Approved: August 17, 2012 ii Partial Copyright Licence iii Abstract Essay 1: “Uneasy Alliance: SAD-BJP Coalition in Punjab and Economic Development” explores the ironic coalition of Punjab’s regional party, the Shiromani Akali Dal, a representative of the state’s Sikh population and the Bharatiya Janata Party, a right wing Hindu nationalist party. It explains the electoral compulsions and other incentives which brought the two ideologically divergent parties into a winning coalition. The essay concludes with an evaluation of the coalition’s performance with regards to economic development in the state. Keywords: Punjab Politics; SAD BJP Coalition; Economic Development in Punjab Essay 2: “Roots of Insurgency in Indian Jammu and Kashmir: a Review” attempts to outline the various factors that culminated in a mass movement for Azadi (freedom) in the Indian part of Jammu and Kashmir in the year 1989. In explaining the insurgency movement, the essay attributes agency to two entities- the Indian state and the people of Jammu and Kashmir. Keywords: Insurgency in Kashmir; Azadi Movement; Secession in Kashmir iv Acknowledgements I am thankful to many individuals whose support and encouragement was crucial at every step in helping me complete the two extended essays. My supervisor, Professor John Harriss, listened to my ideas with the highest level of interest and patiently guided me throughout the process with valuable and prompt feedback. I am also thankful to other faculty members of the School for International Studies who took the time to enquire about my research interests and allowed me to integrate my essay topic with other course assignments. I would have been unable to meet a single deadline without the constant reminders from Ellen Yap and Dorris Tai, for which I am grateful. I am indebted to my fellow classmates, especially Suzi Livingstone, who took an active interest in my study (and well-being) and attributed to me more praise than I truly deserved. I am grateful to my father, Dr. Brijender Panwar for reading my essays and suggesting valuable improvements. Last but not at all the least, I owe a special thanks to Inderjeet Sahota for listening to me talk about the essays in endless detail and always encouraging me to push harder and aim higher. v Table of Contents Approval ........................................................................................................................ ii Partial Copyright Licence ............................................................................................ iii Abstract ........................................................................................................................ iv Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... vi List of Tables .............................................................................................................. viii ESSAY 1: Uneasy Alliance: SAD-BJP Coaltion in Punjab and Economic Development ......................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 2 1. SAD’S Dilemma: Region or Religion? ................................................................. 4 1.1. Evolution of the SAD .............................................................................................. 4 1.1.1. Organization of Society in Pre-Partition Punjab ........................................... 4 1.1.2. Founding of SAD and Early Years ............................................................... 5 1.1.3. The Punjabi Suba Movement ...................................................................... 5 1.1.4. Reorganization of Punjab ............................................................................ 6 1.1.5. The Khalistan Movement ............................................................................ 6 1.2. Narrow Social Support Base and the Need for an Ally ............................................ 7 1.2.1. Caste Divides .............................................................................................. 8 1.2.2. Rural-Urban Divide...................................................................................... 8 1.2.3. Political Competition.................................................................................... 9 1.2.4. Factions within SAD .................................................................................... 9 1.2.5. Failure of SAD coalitions with other parties ............................................... 10 1.2.6. Identity Politics runs out of currency .......................................................... 10 2. BJP Reaches Out to Punjab ............................................................................... 12 2.1. ‘Sikhism is a Hindu Sect’ ...................................................................................... 12 2.2. New Era of Coalition Politics ................................................................................. 13 2.3. Increasing Importance of Regional Parties ........................................................... 13 2.4. BJP compelled to become moderate .................................................................... 15 3. SAD-BJP Electoral Politics ................................................................................ 18 3.1. 1997 Assembly Elections...................................................................................... 19 3.2. 2002 Assembly Elections...................................................................................... 20 3.3. 2007 Assembly Elections...................................................................................... 21 3.4. 2012 Assembly Elections...................................................................................... 22 4. SAD-BJP Coalition and Economic Development in Punjab ............................ 23 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 27 References ................................................................................................................... 28 vi ESSAY 2: Roots of Insurgency in Indian Jammu and Kashmir- a Review .............. 32 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 32 Background ................................................................................................................. 34 1. Azadi Movement Erupts ..................................................................................... 36 2. Militant Groups Involved .................................................................................... 37 2.1. Jammu & Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) ........................................................... 37 2.2. Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (HM) ...................................................................................... 37 2.3. Lashkar-e-Toiba (LeT) .......................................................................................... 37 2.4. Harkat-ul-Ansar, also known as Harkat-ul-Mujahadeen (HuA/HuM) ..................... 38 3. Agency to the Indian State: State Imposed Factors ......................................... 39 3.1. India Reneges on Plebiscite ................................................................................. 39 3.2. Gradual Erosion of Article 370 .............................................................................. 41 3.3. Intervention and Imposition of the Indian Nation ................................................... 43 3.4. Institutional Politics Contrained ............................................................................. 45 3.5. Political Unfreedom .............................................................................................. 46 3.6. Meaningless Elections .......................................................................................... 48 3.7. Misgovernance and Lack of Economic Development ............................................ 48 3.8. India’s Response to Insurgency ...........................................................................