Panonychus ulmi (Koch, 1836) Material examined non-types (from Hungary) Fig. 1. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type; Hungary) - detail of claws II, III, IV. Taxonomy Subfamily Tetranychinae Tribe Tetranychini Common Name European red mite Fig. 2. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type; Hungary) - detail of empodium, indicating the long tenent hairs on the Distribution lateral true claws. +Australia, Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda, Brazil, Bulgaria, CIS, Canada, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, *Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Madeira Island, Morocco, New Zealand, Morocco, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, The Netherlands, Tunisia, Turkey, UK, USA, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yugoslavia Fig. 3. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type) - detail of Taxonomy Changes empodium (redrawn from Geijskes (1939)). Tetranychus ulmi Koch 1836 Oligonychus ulmi (Koch) Hirst 1920 Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch) Oudemans 1931 Paratetranychus ulmi (Koch) Andre 1937 Panonychus ulmi (Koch) Ehara 1956 Tetranychus pilosus Canestrini & Fanzago 1876 Paratetranychus pilosus (Canestrini & Fanzago) Zacher 1913 Metatetranychus pilosus (Canestrini & Fanzago) Oudemans 1931, synonymy Fig. 4. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type; Hungary) - Pritchard & Baker 1955 dorsal habitus. Paratetranychus pilosus alboguttatus Zacher 1913, synonymy Pritchard & Baker 1955 Tetranychus alboguttatus Zacher 1913 Metatetranychus alboguttatus (Zacher) Oudemans 1931, synonymy Pritchard & Baker 1955 Paratetranychus pilosus occidentalis McGregor & Newcomer 1928, synonymy Pritchard & Baker 1955 Oligonychus alni Oudemans 1929 Metatetranychus alni (Oudemans) Oudemans 1931, synonymy Pritchard & Baker 1955 Fig. 5. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type) - dorsal habitus (redrawn from Geijskes (1939)). Oligonychus muscorum Oudemans 1929 Metatetranychus muscorum (Oudemans) Oudemans 1931, synonymy Pritchard & Baker 1955 Oligonychus potentillae Oudemans 1929 Metatetranychus potentillae (Oudemans) Oudemans 1931, synonymy Pritchard & Baker 1955 Metatetranychus mali Oudemans 1931, synonymy Pritchard & Baker 1955 Metatetranychus canestrinii Oudemans 1939, synonymy Pritchard & Baker Fig. 6. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type) - lateral 1955 habitus, with detail of setae f1, f2, h1. Diagnosis Female empodia I-IV = short, strongly curved claw with three pairs of proximoventral hairs (Fig. 1) empodia I-IV with tenent hairs on lateral true claws much longer than empodial claw (Figs 2, 3) Fig. 7. Panonychus ulmi adult female and male (non-type) dorsal setae set on strong tubercles (Figs 4-8) - lateral habitus (redrawn from Geijskes (1939)). dorsal seta f1 is obviously longer than both setae h1 (2 X) and f2 (1.5 X) (Figs 5, 8, 9) peritreme ending in a slightly exanded bulb (Figs 10, 11) dorsal cuticle with minute lobes on fine striae, cuticle appears spiculate (Figs 12-14) tarsus I with the sockets of three tactile setae and one solenidion proximal to, and two tactile setae overlapping, the socket of the proximal duplex seta tarsus II with the sockets of two tactile setae and one solenidion proximal to, and two tactile setae overlapping, the socket of the duplex seta tarsus I with solenidion ft″ much longer than solenidion ft′ (Fig. 15) Fig. 8. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type) - posterior genu IV with three setae dorsum with detail of setae f1, f2, h1. brick red with white setae inserted on white tubercles eggs are red, slightly flattened, raidally striated with dorsal stipe (without silk support strands) Male as per female plus (Fig. 16): aedeagus dorsally directed without distinct knob; shaft weakly sigmoid, tapering to blunt tip (not finely tapered); dorsal margin with right-angled bend leading to dorsally directed portion; ventral margin straight (Fig. 17) Hosts Fig. 9. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type; Hungary) - > 70 recorded species of host plant, including: Acacia longifolia (Mimosaceae), detail of posterior dorsal setae. Alnus glutinosa, A. incana (Betulaceae), Artocarpus heterophyllus (Moraceae), Avena sativa (Poaceae), Betula pubescens, B. verrucosa (Betulaceae), Citrus aurantiifolia, C. aurantium, C. grandis (Rutaceae), Cotoneaster tomentosus, Crataegus monogyna, Cr. succulenta (Rosaceae), Cucurbita maxima, C. pepo (Cucurbitaceae), Cydonia oblonga (Rosaceae), Desmodium canescens (Fabaceae), Ficus carica (Moraceae), Fragaria vesca, Malus domesticus, Prunus spp., Pyrus spp., Rosa spp., Rubus sp., Sorbus spp. (Rosaceae), Sorghum halepense, Triticum aestivum (Poaceae), *Ulmus spp. (Ulmaceae), Vicia sativa (Fabaceae), Vitis labrusca, V. vinifera (Vitaceae), Zea mays (Poaceae) Fig. 10. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type; Hungary) Similar Taxa - detail of peritreme (arrows indicate tips). Panonychus citri (McGregor, 1916) Biology This species is a well-known pest of deciduous fruit trees in most parts of the world, and is common in Europe on apple, pear and plum (Geijskes 1939). Individuals are found on both surfaces of the leaves. It is a serious pest of apples in the cooler parts of Australia. Overwintering eggs are deposited on rough bark at the bases of buds and Fig. 11. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type; Hungary) spurs, on small branches and twigs and in crevices. Eggs deposited in summer - detail of peritremes (arrows indicate tips). are found along the leaf veins on the underside of leaves. References Andre, M. (1937) Utilite et appplications de etudes acarologiques. Paris: 380pp. +Bengston, M. (1960) How to control major pests of apples and pears in the Granite Belt. Queensland Agricultural Journal 85: 102-107 +Bengston, M. (1965) European red mite (Panonychus ulmi (Koch)) and its adaptation to the Stanthorpe district, Queensland. Queensland Journal of Agricultural and Animal Sciences 22: 177-185 Canestrini, G. and Fanzago, F. (1876) Nuovi Acari Italiana (sec. ser.) Atti Acad. Sci. Ven. Tent. Istr. 5: 130-142 Ehara, S. (1956) Notes on some tetraychid mites of Japan. Jpn J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 21: 139-147 Geijskes, D.C. (1939) Beiträge zur kenntnis der Europäischen spinnmilben (Acari, Tetranychidae), mit besonderer berücksichtigung der Niederländischen arten. Mededeelingen van de Landbouwhoogeschool te Wageningen Fig. 12. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type; Hungary) (Nederland) 42(4): 1-68 - detail of cuticle on prodorsum, focussed on lobes. Hirst, S. (1920) Revision of the English species of red spider (Genera, Tetranychus and Oligonychus). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 4: 49-60 *Koch, C.L. (1836) Deutsche Crustacea, Myriapoda, Arachnida, Fasc. I. Migeon, A. and Dorkeld, F. (2006-2017) Spider Mites Web: a comprehensive database for the Tetranychidae. http://www.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/spmwebOudemans, A.C. (1929) Acarologische Aanteekeningen XCIX. Entomol. Ber., Amst. 8: 11- 20 Oudemans, A.C. (1931) Acarologische Aanteekeningen CVI. Entomol Ber., Amst. 8: 157-172 Oudemans, A.C. (1939) Neue Funde auf dem Bebiete der Systematik under der Fig. 13. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type; Hungary) Nomenklatur der Acari. VI. Zool Anz. 127: 75-80 - detail of cuticle on prodorsum, focussed on striae. Pritchard, A.E. and Baker, E.W. (1955) A revision of the spider mite family Tetranychidae. Pacific Coast Entomology Society Memoirs 2: 1-472 +Womersley, H. (1940) Studies in Australian Acarina, Tetranychidae and Trichadenidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 64: 233- 265 Zacher, F. (1913) Untersuchungen uber Spinnmilbern. Mitt. Kais. Biol. Anst. Land-Forst. 14: 37-41 Fig. 14. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type; Hungary) Notes - dorsal cuticle between c1 and d1, indicating minute lobes (left) and underlying fine striae (right). Separated from P. citri by having dorsal setae h1 one third the length of f1 and f2 is two thirds the length of f1 (Meyer 1974), and eggs of P. ulmi lack the support silk strands running from the dorsal stipe to the leaf surface. Copyright © 2018. All rights reserved. Fig. 15. Panonychus ulmi adult female (non-type; Hungary) - detail of tarsus I, arrows indicating solenida, ft″ much longer than ft′. Fig. 16. Panonychus ulmi adult male (non-type) - dorsal habitus (redrawn from Geijskes (1939)). Fig. 17. Panonychus ulmi adult male (non-type) - detail of aedeagus (redrawn from Geijskes (1939))..